工程管理中英文外文翻译.doc

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译

题 目 建设项目管理——价值工程 姓 名 学 号 学 院 管理科学与工程学院 专 业 工程管理 指导教师

Construction Project Management——Value Engineering
By:Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce
ABSTRACT
Value engineering is a kind of in the world proved very fruitful way of project management. In our country, with the improvement of socialist market economy, value engineering, whether in theoretical research or practical application aspects, obtained greater progress, and is gradually applied to engineering project management Due to the construction of the project design stage investment is less, the owners of ignored this phase of the application of value engineering, but the practice proof, design phase is the possibility of managing investment the biggest stage. Therefore, this paper based on the design stage of a construction project, study the application value engineering.
Key Words: construction project; value engineering; design stage

Value engineering and cost reduction are often confused, so that the value
engineering in the designer had a bad reputation, however, it is important that val engineering is a process, is to consider the cost of other factors, such as: life c
quality, durability and maintainability. On the other hand, reduce cost, think only
reduced. At the same time they are in rely on a given standard role, we consider in
larger context of the standard, while the other reaction activity is only for budget problem. The project team should be very clear in their processes are involved in.
Despite the tight budget reduces life cost, the owners need to know exactly what he
she buys. Value engineering in the process, should the owner to another system reference to buy items or equivalent value system to reduce the cost. In reducing co
in order to save money, he or she is of little value or range less.
Value engineering is all designed products in the active part. Value engineering
not done enough time, reduce cost becomes necessary. Value engineering provides a" better reduction mode", and reduce the cost can be reduced by engineering quality o
quantity, save money.
Value engineering is not limited to the construction industry, but in the busine world to help analysis is to minimize the cost of the optimal value of object technology and products. The best value is not an intrinsic property of. For each
project, it takes on a different meaning, often in other similar product comparison
the construction which is comparable to many products, it is a complicated job. Therefore, value engineering is as one of the best team in good operation. Value engineering is one of the reasons for negative take designers sometimes feel, architecture is a measure of their work and suggestions, damage the item aesthetic
quality. In the process if the designer is an equal partner, this feeling will be re At the same time, the owners need to fully understand the design ideas to make the
choice, when the time came, to a specific recommendations for proper balance, to
accept or reject.
Owners of professional designers and construction with the help of setting standards. In general, these standards are divided into several categories: best cost best optimal function and aesthetic value. Determining the optimal cost for life cy cost analysis to the building, using the most effective play a role definition. The aesthetic value, can be difficult to determine, but as with other important criteri
an important emergency generator case, the team focused on cost and function, but
they do not concern for aesthetic values, because the generator will be hidden fro view. It takes the first consider the cost, durability, and reliability. Its role w accordance with safety requirements and the buildings within the residents needs t
decide. In a curtain wall system, the owners pay attention to the cost, function and aesthetic value. Because the system will be the main architectural image, aesthetic value may cost more than the weight, exceeding even function. These are only the
owner can decide to make the final.
Including value engineering, all items are redundant. After all, is not a design team to put together the best solution, it finds the optimal solution will satisfy the owner's cost, functional, aesthetic standards. Of course, a good design team is doi However, every design company established culture also needs to be questioned standard practice. In the value engineering in the process, he could do it. In addi
some teams may be dealt with as soon as possible in the design of the case. For
example, the owner should accelerate the job to get the project started constructi Its purpose is to return to the previous fact and is not easy to make a decision be
the state. Value engineering to ensure that such errors do not occur. Another possibility is that, the owners have vision, but does not fully explain to the desi Designer response more complexity, to meet the needs of the owners. Value engineering process, this complexity will be questioned and clarification. Building professionals in their occupation career into contact with many design company. Specific design company may not know they brought other products and processes form information. In value engineering, these ideas will be checked, and
where appropriate, set down. Building professionals can easily acquire about certai
product availability information. If a product needs a very long distance transport,
which can increase the cost of. Maybe there are local products, can also achieve t
same standard.
Although the value engineering in the project construction and even in the construction industry as a whole is pale, the maximum value is obtained in the earli process: from one system to another, in the schedule have hardly any effect, and th amount of redesign and redraw is minimized. However, in the early stages of design, to produce any saving document is one of the most difficult, because there are usual
no formal drawings or plan. The most recognizableffects occur in the schematic
diagram of the final and the design and development stage of early. There is enough information on the idea of rational judgment system. Of course, most of these saving can be achieved. In construction drawing, macroscopical idea is already in place, an
most of the ideas embodied in the file details.
During the construction process, value engineering efforts continue. Because
making changes to the project, design development should follow in the design phase to assess changes in the procedure. Contractors can also in the field of applicatio value engineering principle, save money method, equipment or sequence of operations. Who achieve these fields generated by saving depends on the form of
contract.
Some value engineering operation is informal, though the team members in favor of the arrangements and procedures, the others follow a more formal by another person established standards, the following is a good value engineering project is
main component of:
(1) Review the field identification. He could be performed separately, as each
team member critically reviews the design drawings and specifications.
The idea was conceived, concern in the design field in this period of time, can use new product or process, material the use of different strengths, simplify the system
to processing details.
(2) Brain storm team members sitting together with idea list and tossing ideas l
others to accept, the idea is to get as many ideas as possible on the desktop. As
discussed in the context of members should be thought from the others and many have
special ideas inspired.
(3) Each of the proposed analysis. The Group determines the standards to evaluate each idea. Discussion of alternatives in the brainstorming sessions with standard test. Here the brainstorming session, costs are usually not considered first.
Once a proposal in the functional requirements based on the merits, and then calculat the cost, involves a considerable amount of time and energy. It is a keeping
brainstorming focus on functional outcome and reduce costs.
(4) Report to management. The team will be all the idea of putting it all togethWhen presented with more and more information is available, some may be in other phases of the project carried out a detailed analysis. Some have been team provides
rationale for rejected, some instant recommendation. All the topics for discussion,
whether to reject or approve, should keep some for later reference.
When the cost of computing work begins, the team can have a look simple first cost, but also can view the life cycle cost proposal. If the proposal in first cost basis of sound words, life cycle cost, may not be complete, but the danger is, first may not be incorporated into the overall savings work during the life of structures Therefore, it is best to consider the life cycle cost, figure 6.5 shows the first c
life cycle cost differences between.
Life cycle cost in building or construction system in the initial study life, operation and maintenance costs, and future interests. Prior to this analysis can be applied, assumptions are made about the under construction quality expectations,
limitations of the procedure, as well as prospective predictors of cost of capital. cycle cost can help the design team decided to set system design, site, materials u in construction, and the investment of money. It can be used to build or rebuild pr In the project, the first problem is, whether the buildings were removed or retained you have decided to keep the building, the next question is how to scale renovation
meet expectations. These analyses can go through a life cycle cost analysis.
The goal is to find, give some to meet the needs of customers alternatives, whic
cost at least over the life of the building. For example, a specific non traditional
heating system can have a higher cost base. Basic cost includes direct related desi procurement costs, as well as system installation. However, such a system might be a longer life expectancy than traditional systems, can burn the fuel more efficiently,
may not require so much of the repair, and can use the cheap fuel source.

建设项目管理——价值工程
Fredrick E.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce 摘要
价值工程是一个在世界各国被证实卓有成效工程管理方法。在我国，伴随社会主义市场经济不停完善，价值工程不论在理论研究还是实际应用方面，都取得了较大发展，而且正在逐步地利用到工程项目管理工作中。因为建设项目设计阶段投资较少，业主往往轻易忽略这一阶段价值工程应用，但实践证实，设计阶段是节约投资可能性最大阶段。所以，本文立足于建设项目设计阶段，研究价值工程应用。
关键词：建设项目;价值工程;设计阶段
价值工程和降低成本经常搞混同，这么就使价值工程在设计者中留下了不好名声，不过，主要是价值工程是一个过程，是考虑成本其余原因方面，比如：生命周期成本，质量，耐用性和可维护性。另首先，降低成本，认为只有降低意思。同时他们都是在依靠于某种给定标准而起作用，我们考虑在更大范围内标准，而其余反应活动仅是为了预算问题。项目团体应该非常清楚他们在过程中都参加了。尽管担心预算降低了现实生活成本，业主需要确切地知道他或她所购置。价值工程过程中，业主应以另一个系统参考购置物品或同等价值体系来降低成本.在降低成本中，他或她为了省钱所得到价值不大或范围更少。
价值工程应是全部设计产品中活跃一部分。价值工程做得并不充分时候，降低成本就变得必要了。价值工程提供了一个“愈加好降低方式”，而降低成本可降低工程质量或数量，节约资金。
价值工程不但限于建筑行业，但在整个商业界用来帮助分析得到以最小成本最好值对象工艺和产品。最好值不是一个固有财产。对于每一个项目，它需要在不一样意义，往往是在其余类似产品之间比较。在建设中这是比较很多产品，这么是很复杂一项工作。所以，价值工程是作为一个最好团体良好运作。价值工程消极采取原因之一是设计者有时会以为，建筑专业是衡量他们工作和提出提议，损害了该项目标审美质量。在过程中假如设计师是一个平等搭档，这种感觉会被降低。同时，业主需要充分了解一定设计理念使其选择，当初间一到，以一个详细提议理由是适当权衡，接收或拒绝。
业主在设计师和专业施工帮助下设置标准。通常来说，这些标准分为几类：最好成本，最好功效和最好审美价值。确定最好成本能够用生命周期成本分析，以建筑物使用最有效发挥作用定义。最好审美价值，是有点难以确定，但能够作为其余主要标准。作为主要一个应急发电机案，该团体着眼于成本和功效，但并不对审美价值关注，因为发电机将被隐藏在视野中。它花费首先考虑成本，耐久性，和可靠性。它作用将依照生命安全要求和建筑物内居民需要而决定。在一个幕墙系统情况下，业主重视于成本，功效和美学价值。因为系统将是首要建筑形象，审美价值可能比成本更有重量，甚至超出功效。这些是只有拥有者能够决定最终作出。
其中包含价值工程在内全部项目都看似多出。毕竟，不是设计团体放在一起最好方案，它认为最好处理方案将满足业主成本，功效，审美标准。当然，一个好设计团体正是这么做。然而，每一个设计企业已建立文化也是需要被质疑标准做法。在价值工程过程中，他能做到这一点。另外，一些团体可能尽快处理在设计情况下出现事情。比如，业主要加紧工作来获取项目开工建设。其目标是要回到以前事实和很不轻易重新作出决定之前状态。价值工程能确保这么过失不会发生。另一个可能是，业主有远见，但并不能充分地向设计师说明。设计师响应更多复杂性，来满足业主。价值工程过程中，这复杂性将受到质疑和澄清。
建筑专业人士在他们职业生涯中接触到许多设计企业。特定设计企业可能不知道他们带来其余产品和工艺表格信息。在价值工程中，这些观点想法会被检验，并在适当情况下，成立下来。建筑专业人士能够很轻易地获取关于一些产品可用性信息。假如一个产品需要很长距离运输，这便能够增加了其花费。可能有当地产品，也能够达成一样标准。
即使价值工程在整个项目建设甚至在整个建筑业显得苍白，最大价值取得是在较早过程：从一个系统转到另一个系统在时间表上几乎不会产生任何影响，以及大量重新设计和重绘会被最小化。然而，在设计早期阶段产生，产生任何节约形成文件是最困难，因为那里通常没有正式图纸或计划。最可分辨影响发生是在原理图最终和设计开发阶段早期。这里有足够信息对大系统想法产生合理地判断。当然，其中大部分节约能够实现。在施工图中，宏观想法已经到位，而且大多数产生想法表现在文件细节中。
在施工过程中，价值工程努力连续.因为进行更改项目，设计发展应该遵照在设计阶段评定改变了程序。承建商也能够在该领域程序申请价值工程原理，节约钱方法，设备或操作次序。谁实现这些领域产生节约取决于协议形式。
有些价值工程运作是非正式，尽管团体组员赞成安排和程序，其余人跟随愈加正式被另外人建立标准，下面是一个好价值工程方案主要组成部分：
（1） 审查领域判定。他能够单独完成，因为每个团体组员严格审查设计图纸和规格。
想法被构想，在关注设计领域这段时间里，能够利用新产品或工艺，材料不一样使用优势，简化系统，或重新加工细节。
（2） 头脑风暴小组组员坐在一起以想法清单和折腾意见和想法让他人接收，这个想法是把尽可能多想法放在桌面上。因为讨论背景下组员应该从他人想法和许多想出特想法得到启发。
（3） 每个提议分析。小组确定了标准以评定每种想法。讨论供选方案在头脑风暴会议上以标准测试。这里头脑风暴会议，费用通常不是首先考虑。一旦某个提议在功效要求基础上有可取之处，然后计算成本时，会包括到相当数量时间和精力。它也是一个保持头脑风暴关注功效和降低成本结果。
（4） 汇报给管理人员。团体将全部想法全部放在一起。当提出越来越多信息是可用时候，一些可能会在项目标其余阶段进行详细分析。有已被团体要求理由拒绝了，有些即时推荐。全部讨论题目，不论是否拒绝或同意，应留一部分供以后参考。
当成本计算工作开始时，团体能够看看简单第一成本，也能够查看生命周期成本方面提议。假如该提议在第一成本基础上是健全话，生命周期成本，可能无法完成，但这么做危险是，第一成本可能无法纳入总体储蓄转化工作寿命期间结构。所以，最好是考虑一下生命周期方面任何成本，图6.5说明第一成本和生命周期成本之间差异。
生命周期成本在建筑物或建筑系统中生命初始进行探讨，运行和维护费用，以及未来利益。在此之前分析能够应用，假设是关于在建设中质量期望，程序限制，以及未来预测资金成本。生命周期成本可帮助设计团体系统地决定设计方案，设置场地，建筑使用材料，和统金钱投资。它可用于新建或改建项目。在改造项目中，首先处理问题是，是否将该建筑物被拆除或保留。假如已决定保留建筑，接下来问题是怎样规模整修来满足期望。这些分析能够经过一个生命周期成本分析完成。这目标是去发觉，给与几个满足用户需要供选方案，哪一个成本最少超出了建筑物寿命。比如，一个特定非传统加热系统能有一个高基本成本。基本成本包含直接相关设计，采购成本，以及系统安装。不过，这么系统可能比传统系统预期寿命较长，可更有效地燃
燃料，并可能不需要这么多维修，和能够使用廉价燃料起源。