英语语言学试题A卷.pdf

英语语言学试题英语语言学试题 A A 卷卷I.Define the following linguistic terms:(2%I.Define the following linguistic terms:(2%10=20%)10=20%)1)duality(duality(二层性二层性):):The property of having two levels of structures,such that the units of the primary levelare composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2)displacement(displacement(移位移位):It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events andconcepts which are not present at the present of communication.3)phonologyphonology(音系音系/位学位学):A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speechsounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4)morphology(morphology(形态学形态学):A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5)concordconcord(一致关系一致关系):The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationshipshould agree with each other in terms of some categories.6)endocentricendocentric construction(construction(向心结构向心结构):A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent orapproaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7)hyponymyhyponymy(上下义关系上下义关系):It refers to meaning inclusiveness,that is,the sense relation between a moregeneral,more inclusive word and a more specific word.8)pragmatics(pragmatics(语用学语用学):It refers to the study of language in use.9)illocutionary force(illocutionary force(行事语力行事语力):It refers to the speakers meaning,contextual meaning,or extra meaning.10)error analysis(error analysis(错误分析错误分析):It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.II.Translation(0.5%II.Translation(0.5%20=10%)20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese:(0.5%Translate the following terms into Chinese:(0.5%10=5%)10=5%)1)affricate塞擦音2)distinctive feature 区别特征3)parole 言语4)generative grammar 生成语法5)bilingualism 双语现象 6)felicity condition 适切/合适条件7)design feature 结构/设计特8)denotation 外延/所指9)labiodental唇齿音 10)linguistic relativity 语言相对论/语言相对主义Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%10=5%)10=5%)11)人际功能 interpersonal function12)真值条件 truth condition13)女 性 语 域/言 women register 14)音节划分 syllabification15)结构主义 structuralism16)社会语言学 sociolinguistics17)论元 argument 18)单元音 monophthong19)衔接 cohesion 20)对比分析 contrastive analysisIII.Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes theIII.Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes thestatement and put the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the answer sheet.(1%statement and put the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the answer sheet.(1%20=20%)20=20%)1)Language is a system of arbitrary _ symbols used for human communication.A.culturalC.decoded2)A word with several meanings is called _.A.an abnormal wordC.a synonymous word_.A.derivational morpheme4)The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number.A.largeB.smallB.free morphemeC.inflectional morphemeC.inflectional morpheme 屈折词素D.free formB.a polysemous wordB.a polysemous word 多义词多义词D.none of the aboveB.conventionalD.D.vocal3)There are different types of affixes or morphemes.The affix“ed”in the word“learned”is known as a(n)1C.finiteC.finiteA.entailsA.entails 限定C.is inconsistent withX:Who was that you were with last night?Y:Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?D.infiniteB.presupposesD.is synonymous with5)“I picked some tulips.”_“I picked some flowers.”.6)Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationC.relation 关系准则 D.manner7)“Can I borrow your bike?”_“You have a bike.”A.is synonymous withC.entailsB.is inconsistent withD.presupposesD.presupposesB.historic8)The study of language at one point of time is a _ study.A.synchronicA.synchronic 共时研究9)Which of the following is a typical tone language?A.EnglishC.FrenchB.ChineseB.ChineseD.All of the aboveC.diachronicD.descriptive10)Two allophones(音位变体)of the same phoneme are said to be in _.A.phonemic contrastB.complementary distribution(B.complementary distribution(互补分布互补分布)C.minimal pair D.none of the above11)In terms of the place of articulation(发音),the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _.A.palatal(腭音)B.alveolar(B.alveolar(齿龈音齿龈音)A.L.BloomfieldC.F.SaussureC.bilabialD.dental(齿音)B.N.ChomskyB.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday12)Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _ in 1957.13)Which of the following is a correct description of reference(所指)?A.a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB.the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC.C.a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick outthat objectD.an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14)What is function of the sentence“How do you do?A.DirectiveA./A./:/:/B.PhaticB.Phatic 寒暄寒暄 C.InformativeB./u/C./D.EvocativeD./D.French15)In the following sounds,_is a central vowel.16)Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?A.Chinese B.Japanese B.Japanese 音节书写系统音节书写系统 C.English17)Which description of the meaning components of the word“father”is right?A.+human,+adult,-maleB.+human,-adult,+maleC.human,+adult,-maleD.+human,+adult,+maleD.+human,+adult,+male 词的意义成分词的意义成分18)Once the notion of _ was taken into consideration,semantics spilled into pragmatics.A.meaningC.formB.contextB.contextD.content219)Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological,morphological and syntactic systemswhich are _.A.rule-governedC.arbitrary20)“Hot dog”with the first syllable stressed means _.A.an overheated animalC.a barking dogF 1)Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.F 2)According to N.Chomsky,“competence”is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.F 3)A syllable without a coda(结尾)is a closed syllable.F 4)Parole(言语)refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.F 5)Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.F 6)Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.F 7)The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.F 8)Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the samesyntactic category.T 9)According to semantic triangle,there is no direct link between a symbol and referent,i.e.between a wordand a thing it refers to.T 10)A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.F 11)All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.T 12)Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.F 13)An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.T 14)Social dialects,or sociolects,are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular socialclasses.F 15)The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V.Fill in theV.Fill in the blank in eachblank in each ofof the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is alreadythe following statements with one word,the first letter of which is alreadygiven asgiven as a clue.Note that youa clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and youare to fill in ONE word only,and youareare notnot allowed to change the letterallowed to change the lettergiven.(1%given.(1%10=10%)10=10%)1)The three branches of phonetics are labeled asarticulatoryrticulatoryphonetics,auditory phonetics and acousticphonetics respectively.2)One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writingriting(One generalprinciple(原则)of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing.Writing gives language new scope(范畴)and uses that speech does not have.)3)Syntaxyntax_ studies the sentence structure of language.4)Constituentonstituent analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaningcomponents.5)The noun“tear”and the verb“tear”are homographomograph(同形异义词)6)H.Sweet made a distinction between narrow and broadroad transcription.7)Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the contextontext oflanguage use was left unconsidered.8)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receivereceiver of messages.B.a kind of foodB.a kind of foodD.a dead dogB.systematicD.both A and BD.both A and BIV.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%IV.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%15=15%)15=15%)39)Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative,the greater theirstructural differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.This has often beencalled the Sapir-Whorf hypothesisypothesis(假设)10)Speechpeech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI.The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings.Give your understanding of the differentVI.The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings.Give your understanding of the differentmeanings of each sentence.(2.5%meanings of each sentence.(2.5%2=5%)2=5%)1)Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2)The boy saw the man with the telescope.The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope,the boy saw the man.VII.Answer the following questions in English.VII.Answer the following questions in English.(4%(4%5=20%)5=20%)1)What functions does language have?Give some examples.Language functions include informative function(信息功能),interpersonal function(人际功能),performativefunction(施为功能),motive function(情感功能),phatic communion(寒暄功能),recreational function(娱乐功能)and metalingual function(元语言功能).Examples:2)State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning.The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized,while the meaning of an utterance is concreteand context-dependent.Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning;it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.3)Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language.Hebelieved that language is a system of signs.To communicate ideas,signs must be part of a system of signs,calledconventions(常规).He held that the sign is the union of the signifier(表示物)and the signified(被表示物).Hemade clear the object of study for linguistics as a science.His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign(符号的任意性),on the relational nature of linguistic units,on the distinction of langue and parole(语言和言语)and of synchronicand diachronic linguistics(共时和历时语言学),etc.pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.4)What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G.Leech in his Semantics?Conceptual meaning(概念意义);connotative meaning(内涵意义);social meaning(社会意义);affectivemeaning(感情意义);reflected meaning(反射意义);collocative meaning(搭配意义);thematic meaning(主位意义).5)In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate informationabout what language is in the first place.Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers shouldteach and learner should learn.But the questions of“what to teach”and“what to learn”should be answered first.Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions.Besides,applying linguistic analysis tothe description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learnersactually learn language.4