法新社编辑标准与最优操作手册.pdf
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1、 AFP-20 principles of sourcing.31.07.2024.Twenty principles of sourcing.With the amount of disinformation and rumours circulating online and on social networks,AFPs role of providing accurate and verified news via identified and trustworthy sources has never been more important.The following documen
2、t explains the fundamentals of the Agencys rules on sourcing and how we should manage relationships with sources.These guidelines should be respected and should be applied using professional judgement,experience and common sense.The chief editors department is available 24 hours a day for advice or
3、for a final decision.If you have any questions about these rules,feel there are omissions or come across any situations that raise new questions,please contact the chief editors department.SUMMARY 1)The source in the lead 2)Identifying the source 3)Anonymous sources 4)Artificial intelligence 5)Chall
4、enging your sources 6)Attribution 7)Secondary sources 8)Diversity in sourcing 9)Analysts 10)Quotations 11)The editing desk and sourcing 12)Uploaded/external content 13)Public domain 14)Rumours and disinformation 15)Protection of sources 16)Keeping notes and recordings 17)Relationships with sources 1
5、8)Reporting deaths 19)Conflict reporting 20)Business and financial Reporting 1)THE SOURCE IN THE LEAD The source should be given immediately in flashes,alerts,urgents and leads so clients and readers can see where AFP obtained the information.Exceptions are made for events that are clearly in the pu
6、blic domain(a presidential speech,a royal wedding).The source can be dropped from the intros of the main leads and wraps when the facts have been established beyond doubt or use formulations such as France announced Thursday”.The source should usually be placed at the close of the sentence(a Europea
7、n Commission spokesperson said.)unless opening with the source gives the story more weight(President X announced)or the information can be contested(The army said that it had captured the town of).Social networks are an integral part of news gathering,and verified accounts are an accepted source:Spo
8、rts results,market reports and certain economic indicators should not be sourced.Headlines should be concisely sourced,unless the event is in the public domain and the facts are not open to dispute.2)IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE Sources should be clearly identified by name,age if relevant,title,occupation
9、 and any other factors that strengthen the credibility of the story.The same source should not be quoted twice in the same story under two different guises,i.e.identified and unidentified,which would mislead the reader into thinking that the reporter had spoken to two different people.Do not oversta
10、te a sources importance or turn a single source into multiple sources “officials said”,“official media reported”-where only one official or one media outlet is quoted.An AFP text,photo or video journalist who witnessed an event is a recognized firsthand source and adds credibility to the story:an AF
11、P reporter/photographer/video journalist at the scene said/witnessed/reported.3)ANONYMOUS SOURCES The use of anonymous sources enables us to publish information that we would otherwise be unable to report.This is particularly the case when sources are bound to secrecy(such as for police or judicial
12、matters)and also in publishing sensitive information in all areas of coverage including the economy,diplomacy,politics and sport.AFP is committed to protecting its sources and is aware of the risks that some people face when speaking to the media,which can justify granting anonymity.However,we must
13、also assure our clients of the transparency and reliability of our information,and bear in mind that AFP is staking its reputation on the veracity of its information when it quotes anonymous sources.The use of anonymous sources should be the exception,not the rule,and we must explain in as much deta
14、il as possible why we cannot identify the source.We should describe the source as precisely as possible.For example,quoting an aid worker in Kabul who cannot be identified for security reasons;a negotiator who is not authorised disclose details of the discussions;a trade union official who may risk
15、reprisals for speaking to the media.Reporters must press sources at every opportunity to go on the record and must not slip into the trap of routinely granting anonymity.Public figures,including government officials,and those around them regularly hide behind anonymity when they brief the media in o
16、rder to promote their agendas.We should not allow ourselves to be manipulated like this.Sources who hide behind anonymity are unaccountable if they give us inaccurate or false information.We must ask ourselves what the possible motivation behind an insistence on anonymity is.We must work to change t
17、he culture of habitual anonymity that exists in certain areas of our reporting and must explain to our sources that identifying them is a key factor in establishing the credibility of our coverage.It is essential that we know whether the source has direct access to the information or whether it was
18、obtained it from a third party.It is always preferable to seek at least two sources,particularly if they are anonymous.Using a single anonymous source may be the only way to report important information.This is acceptable if the source has direct access to the information and we are confident that i
19、t is true and the source is reliable In this case,the reporter must disclose the identity of the source to their service head or the editor-in-chief under a strict guarantee of confidentiality.Reporters must understand that sources are talking to AFP,and that there is not a private or personal relat
20、ionship between the source and the journalist.We do not use formulations such as“reliable sources”or“informed sources”.Instead,we strive to give as clear an indication as possible of why a particular sources information is trustworthy.We should try to give an indication of their function,whom they r
21、epresent,and the reasons why they cannot be identified by name(a highly placed foreign ministry official who is not authorised to talk to the media,a local militia commander who requested anonymity for fear of reprisals).If eyewitnesses request anonymity for security or other genuine reasons we shou
22、ld give as clear an indication as possible of who they are(said the mother of one of the victims,who requested anonymity).Eyewitness sources such as“a local person”or“a woman/man”are unacceptable.People quoted in“vox pop”stories must be identified with their full name,age,occupation,etc.The exceptio
23、n is when the person may be at personal risk if they are identified,but their opinion still adds value to the story.In that case,you must explain why the person requested anonymity.We do not use pseudonyms to identify sources unless it is unavoidable in order to be able to tell the story,in which ca
24、se we must explain the reason.4)ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND SOURCING Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and Gemini provide algorithmic responses based on the vast amounts of data with which they have been trained,including material that is incomplete,erroneous,biased or covered by copyright that ha
25、s not been attributed.Although they are useful tools,they should not be considered as reliable sources,and answers they produce should be checked.We can quote their responses to illustrate a story,but they should not be written about as if they have human qualities or quoted like a human source with
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