欧洲商业关键数据 – 2024 年版（英）.pdf

BEBelgiumESSpainHUHungarySKSlovakiaBGBulgariaFRFranceMTMaltaFIFinlandCZCzechiaHRCroatiaNLNetherlandsSESwedenDKDenmarkITItalyATAustriaDEGermanyCYCyprusPLPolandISIcelandEEEstoniaLVLatviaPTPortugalLILiechtensteinIEIrelandLTLithuaniaRORomaniaNONorwayELGreeceLULuxembourgSISloveniaCHSwitzerlandList of EU and EFTA countriesKEY FIGURES ON EUROPEAN BUSINESS2024 EDITIONPrinted by Imprimerie Bietlot in BelgiumManuscript completed in May 2024This document should not be considered as representative of the European Commissions official position.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2024 European Union,2024The Commissions reuse policy is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents(OJ L 330,14.12.2011,p.39,ELI:http:/data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2011/833/oj).Unless otherwise noted,the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International(CC BY 4.0)licence(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).This means that reuse is allowed,provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union,permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders.The European Union does not own the copyright in relation to the following elements:maps,administrative boundaries EuroGeographics UN-FAO TurkstatKosovo-this designation is without prejudice to positions on status,and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the European Union.Theme:Industry,trade and services Collection:Key figuresPrint:ISBN 978-92-68-15530-1 ISSN:1830-9720 doi:10.2785/561679 KS-ET-24-001-EN-C PDF:ISBN 978-92-68-15531-8 ISSN:2812-099X doi:10.2785/659794 KS-ET-24-001-EN-NForewordKey figures on European business presents a selection of business statistics for the European Union(EU),EU countries and European Free Trade Association(EFTA)countries,drawing from the rich collection of data that are available at Eurostat.Business statistics can be used to describe the structure,conduct and performance of businesses in the EU at a detailed sectoral level.They can also be used to identify emerging trends within the EUs business economy,tracing monthly or quarterly developments for indicators such as output,output prices or labour input.Key figures on European business offers a balanced set of indicators.It starts with an overview of the business economy and is followed by more detailed presentations of its 4 specific parts industry,construction,distributive trades and other market services.The publication closes with a chapter on tourism.Each of the chapters focusing on different parts of the business economy starts with an overview of the economic structure(in terms of value added and employment)and then shows developments through to 2023.The 2024 edition is enhanced with data on multinational enterprise groups as well as on electric and hybrid cars.Several issues have impacted businesses across the EU in recent years.These include the COVID-19 pandemic,its related restrictions and its longer-term disruption of supply chains,as well as higher levels of inflation and the Russian military aggression against Ukraine and the related sanctions.Eurostats most up-to-date statistics showing the economic and social impacts of various recent events can be found online in the European Statistical Monitor and the Euro indicators dashboard.I hope that you find this publication interesting and useful.Petra SneijersActing Director of Business and Trade Statistics,EurostatKey figures on European business 2024 edition3AbstractKey figures on European business presents a selection of business statistics for the European Union(EU),EU countries and EFTA countries.For some readers,this publication may offer an introduction to European business statistics,while others can use it as a starting point to explore further a wide range of data and information.These are freely available on Eurostats website and in Statistics Explained articles.EditorsEurostat,Unit B4 Dissemination and user supportEurostat,Unit G3 Business cycle;short-term statisticsContact detailsEurostat Btiment Joseph Bech 5,rue Alphonse Weicker 2721 Luxembourg E-mail:estat-user-supportec.europa.euProduction and layoutINFORMA s.r.l.working under contract for EurostatFor more informationEurostats website:https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat Statistics Explained:https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explainedAcknowledgementsThe editors of this publication would like to thank colleagues in Eurostat who were involved in its preparation.Eurostat Unit G1 Coordination and infrastructure development:Isabelle Collet,Pau Gay Riera,Enrica Morganti and Tatiana Mrlianova Eurostat Unit G2 European businesses:Gemma Asero,Andreia-Mihaela Dnil,Christophe Demunter,Roxana-Diana Ilisei,Jukka Jalava,Gregor Kyi,Renata Lewczuk,Renata Minich,Pierre Ninane and Sarmite Visocka Eurostat Unit G3 Business cycle;short-term statistics:Jussi Ala-Kihni,Alexandru Gherasim,Valentin Ivanov,Thomas Jaegers,Constantin-Alin Popescu,Petra Sneijers and Zsolt Vlfinger Eurostat Unit G4 Innovation and digitalisation:Urska Arsenjuk,Alvaro Diez Soto,Dimo Dimov,Daniela Enache,Michaela Grell,Magdalena Kaminska,tefania Panaitescu and Sorina-Carmen Vju Eurostat Unit G5 Trade in goods:Ulrich Eidmann,Michele Marotta and Anton Roodhuijzen Eurostat Unit G6 Trade in services;globalisation:Agne Bikauskaite,Georgios Papadopoulos and Iliyana Savova Key figures on European business 2024 edition4 AbstractContentsForeword 3Introduction 6Business dynamics 9Size of businesses 10Multinational enterprise groups 13Entrepreneurship 16Research anddevelopment 21Innovation 24Digital transformation 27Sectoral overview 29Industry 37Structure 38Developments 41Focus on high-tech industry 44Focus on hybrid and electric cars 46Construction 47Structure 48Developments 51Focus on building construction 54Distributive trades 57Structure 58Developments 62Other market services 67Structure 68Developments 73Focus on information and communication services 75Tourism 79Structure 80Tourism flows 81Key figures on European business 2024 edition5IntroductionEurostat is the statistical office of the European Union(EU).Our mission is to provide high-quality statistics on Europe,offering both citizens and decision-makers key information on the EUs economy,society and environment.Key figures on European business describes the current business economy of the EU and the European Free Trade Association(EFTA)countries.Short-term business statistics and tourism statistics are generally presented until the end of 2023,revealing the impact of recent higher levels of inflation.Structural business statistics are now available for the 2021 reference year,still reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and containment measures.Structure of the publicationKey figures on European business provides an overview of the wealth of information about the business economy,which is available on Eurostats website and in its online database.The publication is divided into an overview of the whole business economy,a presentation of the business economys structure,4 chapters focusing on different parts of the business economy(industry,construction,distributive trades and other market services),and a final chapter focusing on tourism.Each of the 4 chapters focusing on parts of the business economy starts with an overview of their structure.They continue with information on annual developments from 2015 until 2023(the latest year for which annual indices are available at the time of writing);some quarterly data are available for the first quarter of 2024.In 3 of these chapters,readers can find information on a particular aspect:high-tech sectors and products for industry,buildings for construction,and information and communication services for other market services.The tourism chapter first presents a structural overview,then looks at information on nights spent in tourist accommodation and nights booked through main booking platforms.Data extraction and coverageData extractionThe statistical data presented in this publication were extracted in April or May2024.Eurostats online database may contain revised data.Key figures on European business 2024 edition6Time series from short-term business statistics are presented in most chapters of this publication:the entrepreneurship part of Chapter1;the developments parts of Chapters3 to 6;and the focus parts of Chapters4(focus on building construction)and 6(focus on information and communication services).The indices presented in these time series were compiled with 2021 as their base year.Reflecting the fact that time series in this publication are presented from 2015,these time series have been re-referenced to 2015=100.Economic activity coverageThe statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community(NACE Rev.2)is used to define economic activities.Within this publication,the following terms for ranges of economic activities are applied all based on the NACE Rev.2 classification.All economic activities/whole economy SectionsA to U.Business economy covers industry,construction,distributive trades and other market services(as defined by SectionsB to S excluding SectionO and Division94).This coverage is used for structural business statistics,business demography,and business registrations and bankruptcies.Core innovation activities covers industry;transportation and storage services;information and communication services;financial and insurance activities;wholesale trade;architectural and engineering activities,technical testing and analysis;scientific research and development;advertising and market research(as defined by SectionsB to E,H,J,K and Divisions 46 and 71 to 73).Industry covers mining and quarrying;manufacturing;electricity,gas,steam and air conditioning supply;water supply,sewerage,waste management and remediation activities(as defined by Sections B to E).For the industrial production index as used in Chapter3(section on Developments),industry excludes water supply,sewerage,waste management and remediation activities(as defined by SectionE).Spatial data coverageThis publication presents information for the EU(a sum/average covering the 27 EU countries),its individual countries(Member States)and EFTA countries.The countries in the figures are usually ranked according to the values for the indicator(s)illustrated.References in the publication to northern,eastern,southern or western Europe are based on groupings in EU vocabularies.The map on the inside cover page shows the EU and EFTA countries,pinpointing their capital cities.Country codes and namesBE Belgium BG Bulgaria CZ Czechia DK Denmark DE Germany EE Estonia IE Ireland EL Greece ES Spain FR France HR Croatia IT Italy CY Cyprus LV Latvia LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg HU Hungary MT Malta NL Netherlands AT Austria PL Poland PT Portugal RO Romania SI Slovenia SK Slovakia FI Finland SE SwedenIS Iceland LI Liechtenstein NO Norway CH SwitzerlandTemporal data coverageIf data for a reference year(or reference period)arent available for a country,the authors made efforts to complete the coverage with data for the next most recent reference year.These exceptions are footnoted.Readers should pay particular attention to these deviations when the standard reference year is 2020 or 2021:for some indicators particularly those impacted by the COVID-19 crisis large changes in 2020 and/or 2021 mean that earlier data may not be a good proxy for missing 2020 or 2021 data.Key figures on European business 2024 edition7Introduction Manufacturing SectionC.High-tech manufacturing covers the manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations;the manufacture of computer,electronic and optical products;the manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery(as defined by Divisions 21 and 26 and Group 30.3).Construction covers the construction of buildings;civil engineering;specialised construction activities(as defined by Section F).Non-financial services as used for short-term business statistics in Chapter6(section on Developments)generally covers Sections H to J and L to N.Some activities arent covered,such as activities of head offices,scientific research and development,and veterinary activities.Other market services covers market services outside of distributive trades(as defined by Sections H to S excluding SectionO and Division94).Core innovation services covers transportation and storage services;information and communication services;financial and insurance activities;wholesale trade;architectural and engineering activities,technical testing and analysis;scientific research and development;advertising and market research(as defined by Sections H,J,K and Divisions 46 and 71 to 73).Distributive trades covers wholesale and retail trade;repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles(as defined by SectionG).Information and communication services covers publishing activities;motion picture,video and television programme production,sound recording and music publishing activities;programming and broadcasting activities;telecommunications;computer programming,consultancy and related activities;information service activities(as defined by SectionJ).Tourist accommodation covers hotels and similar accommodation;holiday and other short-stay accommodation;camping grounds,recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks(as defined by Groups 55.1 to 55.3).For more information about the NACE Rev.2 classification,please refer to Eurostats dedicated section on NACE.Notes and flagsNotes and flags are used to explain and define specific characteristics of data.In this publication,these have been restricted as far as possible in order to allow more space for illustrating the data.This publication includes only the main notes needed to interpret the data and to highlight when data for 1 year have been replaced by data for another.Data not shown in individual figures may simply not be available or may be confidential.The full set of notes and flags is available on Eurostats website via the online data code(s)presented for each map or figure.Accessing European statisticsThe simplest way to access Eurostats wide range of statistical information is through Eurostats website.Eurostat provides users with free access to its database and publications.The website is updated daily and presents the latest and most comprehensive statistical information available on the EU as well as individual EU,EFTA and enlargement countries(for some datasets,information may be provided for a wider range of non-EU countries).You can use online data codes,such as sbs_ovw_act,to find the most recent data in Eurostats online database or using the Eurostat websites search function.These data codes are inc