2023年英语国家概况复习笔记.doc
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1、The UK Unit 1 1.The official name:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927) national flag:The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jacknational anthem(国歌):GOD SAVE THE QUEEN national capital of the country :London: Greater London大伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 borou
2、ghsbr(自治旳市镇) The City of London伦敦城 : at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of the country Inner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughs Outer London: 20 boroughs br(自治旳市镇)surrounding Inner London2. The location and size of the country (了解)3. The terrain tren(地形), rivers and mou
3、ntains of the countryRoughly two kinds of terrain-highland and lowland. The highland area - in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainous regions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales. The lowland area - especially in the Midland, southern and eastern Engl
4、and. The longest river in the UK is River Severn(塞文河). Among the most important rivers is the Thames(泰晤士河), which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county. Ben Nevis(本尼维斯)is the highest peak of the UK.(大不列颠境内旳最高山峰, 海拔1,343.8米, 位于苏格兰西部旳格兰扁山脉)Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake
5、 in the whole country4. The natural resources of the countryCoal 煤l Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England. l For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines. Petroleum ptrulim 石油l 1965 saw d
6、iscovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain. 5. The climate of the country Temperate maritime climate(温带海洋性气候)What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain? Foggy Rainy Uncertain and changeable6. Major citiesLondon ;Edinburgh ednb:r 爱丁堡 ; Cardiff k:df 加地夫(威
7、尔士旳重要海港); Belfast belfst 贝尔法斯特(北爱尔兰首府);Birmingham b:mhm 伯明翰市(英国中部都市,第二大都市)Manchester: the Guardian(卫报)Glasgow:l:su 格拉斯哥(苏格兰最大都市,第三大都市)7. Population Density and Population Distributionn Population density: 248 persons per square kilometer. The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe. n Popu
8、lation distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations) 7 conurbations:Greater London大伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester大曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) (了解)8. Nations and the Languages Spoken1) Nations: English,
9、Scottish, Welsh and IrishEnglish (80%): descendants dsendnts 后裔 of Anglo-SaxonsWelsh, Irish & Scottish::descendants of Celts2)Languages :A) English (official language): B) Gaelic glk 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern Ireland C) Welsh wel 威尔士语: Wales welz3) The history and development of the English language
10、(p.7)n Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪旳纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.n Middle En
11、glish (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (黑死病).n Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸取) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (文艺复兴) such a
12、s William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.n Standard English= the Queens English= BBC English n Explanation of Standard EnglishStandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofthesoutheasternEngland.Itispreferredbytheeducated anditiswidelyusedinmediaandtaughtatschools.Ishasdevelopedandhasbeenp
13、romotedasamodelforthecorrectBritish English.Itisalsothenorm(原则)carriedoverseas.Today,StandardEnglishiscodifiedtotheextentthatthegrammarandvocabularyaremuchthesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishistaughtandused.9. Religionn 1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religi
14、ous freedom. n 2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are either Protestant prtstnt新教徒or Catholic.n 3. English nation: The church of England(英格兰圣公会)is the established church of the English nation.n 4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the
15、 Moslems and the Buddhists.10. Character and manners of British peoplen Conservatismn Talking about the Weathern Punctuality11. Traditions and customl Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵典礼 around the Bucking Place in London(P.62) to celebrate the Queens Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony) l Religi
16、ous FestivalsChristmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )Christmas pantomime pntmam (童话剧)Queens Christmas messageBoxing Day(节礼日) Easter纪念耶稣复活 Halloween12. MediaNewspaperTraditionally British newspapers have been divided into quality, serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as broadsheets宽幅印刷品 bec
17、ause of their large size) and the more populist ppjlst 平民化, tabloid varieties.Quality Press: The Times(泰晤士报), The Guardian(卫报), The Daily Telegraph(每日电讯报)Tabloid tbld 通俗小报: The Sun on SundayTelevision and BroadcastBBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation), ITV(Independent Television) 英国独立电视台, BSkyB(
18、the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC)英国天空广播集团TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)Unit 4. British Economy 1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)n 1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars.n 2) The erar时代 of the British Empire was over. n 3) Britain was still forced to
19、 maintain a substantial and expensive military presence.n 4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII. However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it is wealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster
20、 than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.2. Recent History of British Economyn 1970 - high Inflation rate, strikesn 1979 - Reformation Program(改革方案)by Thatcher government 去国有化 privatization pravtazenn What was the content of the program?Thatcherism t(r)zm 撒切尔主义:Throughout the 1980
21、s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.-Denationalization di:nnlazen 非国有化 Government expenditure kspendt(r) 花费 was reduced; Taxation reformed; Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除 Rules governing banks loosened; Worker strikes restricted.n What was the long-term results? Inflation
22、(通货膨胀) has been controlled Unemployment rate falling Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment - it is the second biggest international inv
23、estor in the world.n Policies of Blair Government & Results (P.45) Policies: Blair made the Bank of England independent. In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Partys practice of using tax system, public expenditurekspendt(r) 花费 and price controls to reduce inequality and put a
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- 2023 英语 国家 概况 复习 笔记
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