2023年十年考研英语真题.doc

１99５年英语试题
Sｅcｔioｎ ⅠUsｅ oｆ Enｇlｉsh
Ｓleep iｓ　dｉvｉded ｉnto ｐeriods　oｆ ｓo－caｌｌed　REM ｓleep, characterized bｙ rapid eyｅ movementｓ and dreamiｎg， and longｅr perｉｏｄs of noｎ-RＥM ｓleep． １ ｋinｄ ｏf sleep iｓ at all welｌ-ｕnderｓｔood， but RＥM sleｅp is 　 2 to serｖe some resｔoratiｖｅ fｕnction of　the brain.　Ｔhe ｐｕrposｅ ｏf non－REM sleeｐ is evｅn morｅ　 3 ．　The neｗ expeｒｉｍents,　ｓｕｃh　aｓ theｓe 4 fｏr thｅ fiｒｓt　timｅ　ａｔ a　receｎt meetｉng of　the Society fｏr Sleep Reｓeａｒch in Mｉnneａｐｏｌｉs,　suｇgｅsｔ ｆasｃｉnatiｎg explaｎaｔｉｏｎs 5　 of nｏn-ＲEM ｓｌeeｐ.
For exaｍple, it ｈas　ｌong　beｅn knoｗn thａｔ tｏtａl　sleep 6 is 1０0 ｐercent fａｔａl ｔo rats, ｙet,　7 examinaｔions ｏf　the　dead　ｂodies,　thｅ animals ｌｏok ｃompleteｌy ｎormａl. A researcher　ｈas　noｗ
8 ｔｈe　mysteｒy　of why ｔhe aｎimals die. The　ｒａts　 9 　 bacterial ｉnｆｅｃｔions of tｈe blooｄ, 10 tｈeir　iｍmuｎｅ　syｓｔems—the　self－prｏteｃｔing　ｍeｃhaｎiｓrn agａｉnst diｓeａｓe—haｄ　crashed．
1. [A］　Eiｔherﻩ 　 [B] Neiｔher ﻩ[C］ Eacｈ ﻩ ［D] Any
2． [A］ ｉntended ﻩ [Ｂ] reqｕireｄ ［Ｃ] assｕmedﻩ 　　 [Ｄ] iｎｆerreｄ
3. [A］　subtｌe ﻩﻩ　 　 　[B] oｂｖious ﻩ［C]　mｙsteriｏus ﻩ 　　 ［D]　ｄｏubtful
4. [A］ maintainｅd 　 [Ｂ]　describeｄ [Ｃ] ｓｅttleｄﻩﻩ 　　 [D] aｆfordeｄ
5. [Ａ] in the ｌightﻩﻩ ［B］ by vｉｒtｕeﻩﻩ[Ｃ]　wｉth the exception ［D] ｆor ｔhｅ ｐurpose
6. [A]　redｕctionﻩ ［B] dｅstｒｕctioｎﻩ　 　[C] ｄｅｐrｉｖａtion [D] ｒestricｔiｏn
7. ［A]　uponﻩﻩﻩ　 　[B] byﻩﻩ [Ｃ] tｈroｕgh ﻩ 　 [D]　ｗith
8． ［A］　pａid aｔｔｅntioｎ tｏ 　 [B］ cａughｔ　sight of　 [C] laiｄ　eｍｐhasiｓ　oｎﻩ[D]cａｓt ｌighｔ oｎ
9. [A] developﻩﻩ 　［B] proｄuceﻩﻩ[C]　stｉmuｌａteﻩﻩ [D] inｄuce
１0. [A] iｆ ﻩﻩ 　 　[Ｂ]　as ｉf ﻩﻩ[Ｃ］　ｏnly if 　 [Ｄ] if onlｙ

Sectioｎ　ⅡＲeading Comｐrehensｉｏn
Paｓsaｇe l
　 Moｎey ｓpenｔ　on advertisinｇ iｓ moｎｅy spent as well aｓ any I kｎoｗ　ｏｆ. Ｉｔ ｓervｅｓ dｉrｅｃtly to aｓｓist a ｒaｐid　distｒiｂｕｔiｏn of　ｇｏods aｔ reasonaｂle price,　tｈereｂy estａblishinｇ　a　ｆiｒm hｏmｅ ｍarket aｎd so mａking it poｓsible tｏ pｒoviｄe　fｏｒ　eｘｐort at　cｏmpｅｔitiｖe pｒices． Ｂｙ　drawing　attｅnｔion to new　ideas　it　hｅlps enormously　to ｒaｉse ｓtaｎdａrｄs　ｏｆ ｌivinｇ． Ｂy heｌｐinｇ to increasｅ ｄemand it　eｎsｕrｅｓ ａn incｒeased neｅd ｆor labｏr, and　is　therefoｒｅ　aｎ　eｆｆeｃｔive waｙ ｔo fight unemploymeｎt.　It　lowers ｔｈｅ costｓ of many services:　witｈoｕt advｅｒｔｉsemｅnts yoｕr ｄaｉly newｓpａper would　cost　ｆｏuｒ tiｍes　as muｃh, ｔhe pricｅ　of yｏur tｅlevｉsion　licｅnｃe ｗoulｄ　ｎｅeｄ ｔo be douｂｌed, anｄ　travｅl　ｂy bus or　tube would　cｏsｔ ２0 per　cent　more.
And pｅｒhapｓ　most important oｆ all， advｅｒtｉsinｇ providｅs a　guａrａnｔee of reaｓonaｂle value in　ｔｈe prodｕcｔs and seｒvｉces you　ｂuy． Apａrt ｆｒｏm the ｆacｔ tｈat tｗeｎty－sｅven Ａctｓ of Parliament gｏveｒn the terms ｏｆ ａｄｖｅｒtｉsinｇ, nｏ rｅgular aｄveｒtiser darｅ prｏｍoｔe ａ producｔ thａｔ fails　to livｅ　ｕp to tｈe ｐrｏmise of ｈｉｓ advertｉｓemｅnts. Ｈｅ mｉght　foｏl ｓome peopｌｅ　foｒ ａ litｔle　while ｔhrougｈ　mｉsleａdiｎg adverｔising. Ｈｅ will not do so ｆｏr long, for ｍeｒcｉfuｌly thｅ ｐublic hａs thｅ ｇooｄ sｅnsｅ not ｔo buy tｈe iｎfeｒior　artiｃｌe moｒe　thaｎ onｃe. If　you ｓee an aｒticｌe ｃｏnｓｉstentlｙ　adｖertiｓeｄ, ｉt iｓ thｅ　ｓurest　ｐｒｏof I ｋｎow thａt ｔhｅ artiｃle doｅs ｗhat is cｌａiｍed for it， aｎd that it　ｒｅpreｓentｓ gｏod　ｖaluｅ．
Advertiｓing does moｒｅ　for　thｅ　maｔerｉal benefit ｏf tｈe coｍｍunitｙ than　ａｎｙ ｏtｈer　forcｅ I ｃan tｈｉnｋ of.
Theｒe is ｏnｅ ｍore point Ｉ ｆeel I ougｈｔ tｏ toｕcｈ on. Recentlｙ I hｅａｒd a well－knｏwｎ teleｖｉｓiｏn　personality ｄeｃｌａre ｔhat hｅ　waｓ against ａdvertisiｎg beｃaｕse it peｒｓuａdes rａtｈｅr thａn informs. He was drawing eｘcessｉｖely　ｆｉne distinctｉons． Ｏｆ couｒse ａdｖｅｒtisinｇ　seeks to persｕadｅ.
　If its ｍｅssage wｅre ｃｏnfｉned ｍeｒｅly ｔo inｆormation—and ｔｈａt in itseｌｆ　ｗould bｅ ｄifficult　ｉf ｎot　impｏssiｂle ｔo aｃhievｅ, for even a　ｄetａｉl ｓucｈ　ａs the choice of thｅ ｃolour of a shirt　is　sｕbtlｙ perｓuasiｖe—ａｄvertisｉng woulｄ be so borｉｎｇ that nｏ　onｅ　wouｌｄ　pay aｎy　atｔｅntｉoｎ．　But　ｐerｈａps ｔｈａt is　ｗhaｔ thｅ wｅｌl-ｋnown television ｐeｒsonality ｗａntｓ.
１1. By ｔｈe fiｒst sentencｅ of　tｈe passage ｔhｅ　auｔｈor meanｓ tｈat____．
[A］ he ｉs　faiｒly　familiar wiｔh tｈｅ cost oｆ ａdvertｉｓｉnｇ
［B］ everｙboｄy　ｋnows　weｌl ｔhat advertｉsing iｓ monｅy　coｎｓuｍinｇ
[C] adｖｅrtiｓing　costs ｍonｅｙ　like eveｒythiｎg elｓe
[Ｄ] ｉt iｓ wｏrtｈwhile to speｎd moｎｅy oｎ adveｒｔiｓｉng
１2.　Iｎ the passaｇe, which of　the ｆｏllowing　iｓ NＯT incluｄｅd　ｉn the advantages oｆ adｖerｔｉsing?
［A]　Securｉｎg gｒeａter ｆame． ﻩﻩﻩﻩ[B] Providing morｅ jｏbｓ.
[Ｃ] Ｅｎｈaｎciｎｇ livｉｎg stａnｄaｒｄs.ﻩ [D］ Reduｃｉng nｅｗspaper cost.
１3. The　aｕtｈｏr ｄeems　that the　wｅlｌ-kｎｏｗｎ　ＴV personality is___＿．
[Ａ]　veｒy precise ｉn　pasｓｉnｇ hｉｓ　judgmｅnt on aｄvertising
［B］ ｉnｔｅresｔeｄ in notｈing ｂuｔ tｈe buyerｓ＇ ａtｔｅntiｏn
[C] ｃoｒｒecｔ in　ｔｅlling thｅ dｉfｆerenｃe ｂetweｅｎ persuaｓｉoｎ and　informａｔion
[D］ obviously pａrtiａl　in ｈis　vｉewｓ ｏn aｄvertｉsinｇ
14. In ｔhe author's opinion,___＿.
［A］ aｄvertiｓiｎg cａn seldom　brinｇ ｍａteriａl beneｆit　tｏ maｎ　by ｐroｖiｄing infoｒmatｉｏn
[B] adｖｅrtｉsing iｎforｍs pｅopｌｅ ｏｆ　neｗ idｅas　ratｈer than wｉnｓ theｍ ｏveｒ
[C]　thｅre is ｎｏthｉｎg　wrong ｗitｈ　ａｄverｔisｉng　in　persuadｉng the buyer
[D］　the ｂuyer　is nｏｔ ｉnteｒesｔed　iｎ gettinｇ informａtiｏn　frｏm　an advertiｓeｍenｔ
Ｐassaｇe 2
Ｔhｅre are twｏ ｂａsic　wａys　to ｓｅe groｗth: oｎe ａs ａ ｐroｄuct,　ｔhe ｏther aｓ a　pｒocｅsｓ. People have generａｌly viewed　persｏnal grｏwth as an ｅxterｎａｌ result or　pｒoduct　ｔhaｔ　can eaｓｉly　be ideｎｔified and meａsured． Ｔhe workeｒ who gets　ａ　ｐｒomotion, the ｓtuｄｅnt　whoｓe ｇradｅs iｍｐroｖe, the foreignｅr who leaｒnｓ　ａ neｗ　languaｇe—all these are examples ｏｆ peoplｅ whｏ have mｅasurable resulｔｓ to sｈow　for　their　effｏｒts.
By　cｏntｒａｓt,　the ｐｒocess　ｏf　persoｎal ｇｒowth iｓ　mucｈ ｍorｅ difficult ｔｏ　determinｅ, ｓinｃｅ by　defｉnition it iｓ a　jｏurney aｎd noｔ the　specｉfic signposts　or　ｌａndmａrkｓ along the ｗay. Tｈｅ　ｐrocｅss　is　nｏｔ the road　ｉtsｅlｆ， ｂｕt raｔhｅr the aｔｔitudｅs　and feeliｎgs ｐeople have， their cautｉon ｏr coｕrage,　ａｓ thｅy enｃountｅｒ ｎew　eｘperｉences and unexｐeｃtｅd　oｂstacｌeｓ. In this ｐｒｏｃess, ｔｈe jourｎey neｖｅr　really　ｅnds; there　arｅ always new waｙs　to ｅxpｅｒienｃe　the world,　new ideas ｔo try， neｗ challeｎges to aｃcｅpt．
Ｉn　ｏrｄｅr　tｏ ｇｒｏｗ，　to travel ｎew roａdｓ,　peｏpｌe nｅed to haｖｅ ａ wｉｌlｉnｇness ｔo　tａke　risｋｓ, to ｃonｆronｔ tｈe unｋnｏwｎ, anｄ ｔo aｃcept the poｓｓibiｌitｙ　that thｅy may “fａil” at　ｆirｓt. Hｏw wｅ ｓee ｏurselvｅs　ａｓ ｗe try　a　neｗ ｗａy oｆ bｅinｇ　ｉｓ ｅssential to　ouｒ ａｂiliｔｙ to　gｒｏｗ. Dｏ wｅ ｐerceive ourｓｅlves aｓ ｑuiｃk　and　ｃurious？ If so, tｈeｎ　ｗe　teｎd ｔo takｅ mｏｒｅ chances and to be more open ｔo uｎfaｍiliａr ｅｘpｅriencｅｓ. Dｏ　we ｔhink ｗe're　shy anｄ　indｅｃisive? Ｔhｅn ouｒ sｅｎｓe　of tｉmｉdiｔy can cａuse ｕｓ　to heｓitaｔe， ｔo move slｏwly, ａｎd not　to tａke a step until ｗe　knｏw tｈe grouｎd iｓ safe. Do wｅ thiｎk we’re slow to ａdａpｔ to　change　or that wｅ’re not sｍart　ｅｎoｕｇｈ　ｔo cｏpe with a new challengｅ?　Ｔhｅn we are lｉｋely to takｅ ａ more ｐaｓsive　rｏｌe or　nｏｔ ｔrｙ　ａｔ ａlｌ．
Theｓe ｆeelinｇｓ of　inｓecｕrity and seｌf-doubt aｒe botｈ　unavoidablｅ ａnd　neｃessａry　ｉｆ we　ａre to change aｎd gｒow. Ｉf we do nｏt ｃonfront and overcome tｈeｓe iｎｔｅｒnal feａrs ａｎｄ doｕbts, iｆ wｅ ｐroteｃt ｏuｒsｅlｖes too much,　ｔhen wｅ　cｅａse　to gｒow． Wｅ bｅcomｅ traｐpｅd iｎsｉde a ｓhelｌ ｏf our own makｉｎg．
15 . Ａ ｐｅrｓon ｉs ｇeｎerａllｙ believed to achievｅ pｅrsonal ｇrowth ｗhen_＿___.
[Ａ] ｈe has gｉven up hｉs sｍoｋｉng habit
［Ｂ] ｈe has made　ｇrｅａｔ ｅffｏrtｓ in his wｏｒｋ
［C] he　is kｅen ｏｎ learｎｉng　ａｎything new
[D] he　hａs tried　to deｔｅrmine where he iｓ on ｈiｓ jｏuｒｎey
16. Ｉn tｈe author’s ｅyeｓ, one who　vieｗs　perｓonal growth as a prｏceｓs would_＿__.
[Ａ]　sｕcceeｄ in cｌimbinｇ　up the　sociａｌ　ｌadｄｅr
[Ｂ］ ｊuｄge his ability　to ｇrow from his ｏwｎ　achiｅvｅｍenｔｓ
[C] fａce ｄiｆfｉculties ａnｄ takｅ up challengeｓ
[D] aim hｉgh anｄ reacｈ ｈｉs goａl ｅａch ｔime
17. When　tｈｅ aｕthｏr sａyｓ "a　nｅw wａｙ of　beiｎg" （lｉne ３, Para. 3) he is rｅfｅrring tｏ_＿__.
[A］ ａ nｅｗ approach to expeｒienciｎg the　world　
[Ｂ] a　new ｗay of taking　riｓks
[C]　ａ　ｎｅw mｅthoｄ ｏf peｒｃｅiving ｏｕrselves
[D] ａ new ｓystem ｏf　adapｔation to chａｎge
18. For　persoｎal gｒｏwｔh, ｔｈe　ａｕｔhｏr　advocａｔｅs　alｌ　of the ｆollowing exceｐt___＿.
[A] curioｓｉtｙ　about ｍoｒe chａnceｓ
[B］ prｏmptness in self－aｄaptaｔion
［C]　open-mindｅdｎess to nｅw experiences
[D] aｖoidance of　intｅｒnaｌ fｅarｓ ａnｄ　dｏｕbｔs
Paｓsａgｅ３
Ｉｎ sｕcｈ a ｃｈanｇｉｎｇ, comｐleｘ　sｏcｉety　ｆｏrｍeｒlｙ　ｓｉmple sｏlutioｎs　to iｎfｏrmaｔionａl nｅｅｄs　beｃｏｍｅ ｃｏmpliｃａted. Many of life’s ｐroｂlems whｉch wｅre solvｅd　by ａsｋｉnｇ fａmily membｅrs, ｆriｅnｄs　ｏｒ　collｅagｕes aｒe　ｂeｙond　thｅ ｃapaｂility　ｏf thｅ ｅxteｎdｅd famｉly to resoｌvｅ． Ｗhｅre to turｎ　ｆor expert infoｒｍatｉoｎ anｄ ｈow　to deterｍｉne ｗhich　expeｒt ａdvｉce　to accept arｅ quｅstiｏns faciｎg ｍａｎy　ｐeｏｐｌe today.
In　aｄditioｎ　to thiｓ, ｔhere ｉｓ ｔhｅ　ｇｒoｗｉng mobiliｔy of　ｐeｏple siｎcｅ Ｗorｌd Ｗar Ⅱ. As faｍｉlｉｅs mｏｖe away fｒoｍ theiｒ ｓtａｂle ｃommｕnity, ｔheir friｅndｓ of　manｙ yeａrｓ, tｈeir extended ｆamｉly　ｒelａtiｏnsｈips, tｈｅ ｉnｆｏrmａl flow of informatiｏn is　cut　oｆｆ, aｎd ｗｉth it the confidｅｎｃe ｔhａt　infｏｒmatｉon wiｌl be ａvａiｌａbｌe wｈen　ｎｅedｅd and wiｌｌ be trｕｓtwoｒｔｈｙ ａnｄ reliａble. The ａlmost　uncｏnscious ｆｌow　of inｆｏrｍaｔion about ｔhｅ simplｅｓt aｓpｅcｔs of liｖinｇ can ｂe ｃｕt　ｏｆｆ.　Tｈus, ｔhinｇs once learned ｓuｂconｓcｉoｕsly ｔhrouｇh tｈe ｃasｕal coｍｍunicatioｎs ｏf ｔｈe extendeｄ ｆaｍｉly must be　consｃiｏusly lｅarnｅd．
Adｄiｎg to ｓocietal　cｈanｇeｓ tｏｄａy is aｎ ｅnｏrｍoｕs ｓtocｋpilｅ　of　informａtion. Tｈe individual　nｏw　ｈas moｒe ｉｎformation　aｖailable tｈan any ｇeneration，　anｄ tｈe task of fｉnding that one　piece oｆ infoｒｍaｔion ｒeleｖant to his　ｏr hｅr ｓpecific ｐrｏｂleｍ is ｃomplicated, tｉｍe-ｃonsuming and ｓoｍetimes ｅｖｅn　ovｅrwhelｍing .
Ｃouplｅd wｉth　thｅ　gｒｏwiｎg qｕaｎtity　ｏf　iｎｆormaｔｉon iｓ ｔhe dｅveloｐmeｎｔ of ｔechnologｉes wｈich eｎaｂle　ｔｈe　sｔorage aｎｄ deｌivｅry of mｏｒｅ infｏｒmation with greaｔeｒ　speｅd ｔo　morｅ ｌocatｉons than hａs　eｖer　beeｎ poｓsiblｅ　beｆorｅ. Compｕtｅr techｎology makes it pｏssibｌｅ ｔo stoｒｅ ｖast　amｏunts　of dａｔａ　iｎ　machｉne-readａblｅ filｅs,　ａnd tｏ progｒａm comｐuｔｅrs to locate specifｉc iｎfoｒｍation. Ｔelecomｍuｎications develoｐmenｔs enable tｈe ｓenｄing oｆ mｅssaｇeｓ via telｅvisioｎ, radiｏ， and　ｖeｒy sｈortly, ｅlectroｎic maｉl ｔo boｍbａrｄ peoｐle wiｔh ｍulｔituｄes of mｅｓsaｇes． Satellｉtes ｈavｅ exｔended tｈe power of coｍmunｉcations to　rｅpｏrt events at　ｔhｅ inｓtaｎt of occurrenｃe. Expｅrtｉsｅ ｃan　be sｈarｅd woｒld ｗｉde ｔｈrough ｔelecｏnferencing, and　ｐｒobleｍs in disｐute　can　bｅ settｌed ｗithouｔ the pａrtiｃipanｔs leaviｎg their homｅｓ　ａnd/or　jobs ｔo trａvel to ａ　ｄisｔanｔ ｃonferenｃe siｔe.　Ｔeｃhｎoloｇy hａs fａciｌitaｔed　the sharｉnｇ of ｉnforｍaｔｉon　and ｔhe　stｏｒaｇｅ　anｄ delｉvery ｏf iｎｆｏrmation, thuｓ ｍａkｉng ｍore iｎforｍａtion avａilable ｔo　morｅ ｐeopｌe．
Ｉn this　ｗorld ｏｆ change anｄ complｅｘiｔｙ，　tｈｅ ｎeｅd ｆor inｆoｒmatiｏn　is　oｆ　greaｔest impｏrtａnce． Thosｅ peｏｐle ｗｈo have accｕrａte, reliａｂｌｅ up-to-date ｉｎfoｒmａtｉoｎ　to　soｌｖｅ　the day-to-day　prｏｂｌems,　thｅ　cｒitiｃaｌ prｏblems oｆ ｔhｅｉｒ　businesｓ, ｓocial and faｍiｌy lifｅ,　ｗill survｉvｅ　and sｕcceeｄ. “Knowledｇｅ iｓ powｅr” maｙ weｌｌ　be　the trｕeｓt　sａyiｎg and ａccess to iｎformatiｏn　may　be the ｍost critｉｃal requirement ｏf　all peｏｐle．
1９.　Thｅ worｄ　"it" (linｅ ３,　Pａra. ２) most probａｂly rｅｆers tｏ＿＿__.
[A］ the　ｌaｃk ｏｆ stable commuｎities
[Ｂ] tｈｅ breakｄown ｏf infｏrmａｌ　inforｍatiｏn chａｎnels
[Ｃ] tｈｅ increａseｄ ｍobｉｌity of　ｆamｉｌｉｅs
[D]　ｔhe ｇｒoｗing nuｍｂer ｏf people ｍoving frｏm　plａｃe ｔo pｌａce
２０． The main prｏblem peoplｅ may　encoｕntｅr　tｏday arises form the　fact thａt____．
[Ａ］ they have　ｔｏ　lｅaｒn new ｔhinｇs consciously
［B] ｔhey lack the confidｅｎce oｆ sｅcuring　relｉaｂle　ａｎd truｓtworｔhy ｉnformａtioｎ
[C] tｈey hａve diｆfｉcuｌtｙ　obtaining the nｅeded infｏrmatｉon readiｌｙ
[D]　thｅy　cａn haｒdlｙ carrｙ out casual commｕniｃaｔions ｗith an ｅxteｎded　family.
21 ． Frｏm tｈe passage we cａn infer thaｔ____．
［A]　eleｃtronic mａil wｉｌｌ ｓoon　pｌａｙ a domｉnant role in ｔrａnsmｉtｔing meｓｓａgeｓ
[B]　it will become moｒe　difficulｔ ｆor　ｐeople to kｅep secrets　in ａｎ informatｉｏn erａ
［C]　ｐｅｏple ｗill　spｅｎd less time ｈoldinｇ mｅｅｔingｓ or　cｏnferenｃes
[D] evenｔs will ｂe ｒeｐｏrted　on the sｐot maｉnlｙ thrｏugh ｓａteｌlｉtes
２2. We ｃan leaｒn ｆｒom the last pａｒagraph that __＿_.
［Ａ］ iｔ ｉｓ　necｅsｓaｒy ｔo ｏｂtain ａｓ much
[B]　peｏplｅ shoulｄ　ｍake the best use　of　tｈe　infｏｒmaｔioｎ
［Ｃ]　we shouｌd rｅａlｉze　the importance　oｆ accumulating　infｏrmａｔiｏn .
[D］ it　ｉs　of　vital iｍpｏｒｔance ｔｏ acqｕire needed iｎfｏrmation ｅfficiently
Pａssａge ４
Persｏnalitｙ is　to a lａrgｅ extｅnt　iｎhｅｒent—Ａ－type　pareｎtｓ usualｌｙ　ｂriｎｇ abｏut A－type ofｆｓpｒing. But tｈe eｎviｒoｎｍent ｍuｓt aｌso　have a　ｐｒofound effecｔ， ｓｉnce iｆ cｏmpｅｔitｉon ｉs　imporｔanｔ tｏ ｔｈe paｒｅｎｔs; it ｉs ｌikeｌｙ to bｅcome a　mａjor fａctｏr in the livｅs of their ｃｈilｄren．
One plaｃｅ whｅｒe cｈｉｌdｒeｎ soaｋ ｕp Ａ-chａrａctｅristｉcs is ｓchooｌ, ｗhich is, by　itｓ　very　nature, a highｌｙ coｍpetiｔive ｉnstｉｔutｉon. Toｏ manｙ sｃhoｏls ａdｏpｔ tｈe　'ｗiｎ at all costs＇　mｏral stａndａrd ａnd ｍｅasure theiｒ success　by　spoｒｔｉnｇ　achiｅvｅmeｎts． Ｔhe ｃurrenｔ passｉon for making chilｄren coｍｐｅtｅ ａgaiｎsｔ ｔhｅir clasｓmates　ｏｒ agaiｎｓt　the ｃlｏcｋ proｄuces a two－ｌayer ｓystｅm　， in wｈicｈ coｍｐetｉｔive A ｔｙpeｓ　ｓeｅm in some way ｂettｅr tｈan　theｉｒ B-type feｌlows. Bｅinｇ toｏ ｋｅen　ｔo win can have daｎｇｅrous cｏnsｅｑｕｅｎcｅｓ: remｅmbｅr tｈat Pｈｅｉdippｉdes， the fiｒst maraｔｈon rｕnner, droppeｄ dｅaｄ secoｎds　ａfteｒ sayiｎｇ： “Rejoｉｃｅ, wｅ conｑuer!”
By far　ｔhe worst ｆｏｒm oｆ cｏmpｅｔiｔiｏn　ｉｎ sｃhoｏｌｓ is the　dｉsｐｒoportioｎatｅ emphasis　on exａminaｔiｏnｓ.　Ｉt is　a rａｒe ｓｃhool that allowｓ pupils to ｃoncenｔｒａｔe on ｔｈose thinｇs　theｙ　do wｅll. Tｈe　meriｔｓ oｆ　cｏmpetitｉon bｙ exaｍinatiｏn　ａre　somewｈａｔ queｓtiｏnable, but　competｉtioｎ in　the certaiｎ　knｏｗledge　of failure is ｐoｓitiｖeｌy harmfｕl.
Oｂvｉoｕsly, it is neither ｐｒactiｃａｌ nor desirablｅ that all A youngsters chａnｇe intｏ　Ｂ’s.　Thｅ　worlｄ needs ｔypes,　and ｓchooｌs havｅ an ｉｍpoｒtant duｔy to try to fit　a cｈｉld’ｓ　personaｌity to hｉs possible　futuｒe　eｍpｌoymｅｎt． It is ｔop ｍaｎagement.
If　ｔhｅ pｒｅｏccuｐaｔｉon of　schｏoｌs wiｔh ａcａｄemｉc ｗork wａs lｅsｓened, ｍoｒe tiｍe ｍight ｂe　speｎｔ teａching chｉｌdren suｒｅr vａlues. Ｐｅrhaｐs ｓｅｌecｔion　for the carｉng　ｐrｏfesｓionｓ，　ｅsｐｅciaｌly　ｍeｄicｉne,　cｏuｌd be maｄｅ　ｌesｓ by　good　grades iｎ cｈemisｔry ａnd　more by suｃh conｓｉdｅrａtioｎs　aｓ senｓitivｉty　and sympatｈy. It is surelｙ ａ ｍistａkｅ ｔo choosｅ　our　ｄoｃtors eｘclusively from　A typｅ stoｃｋ.　B’ｓ　ａrｅ impoｒｔａnt ａnd shｏuld　be encｏuｒaged．
２3. Ａccording to tｈｅ　pａssage， Ａ－ｔype　iｎdiviｄuａls aｒe usuａlly____.
[Ａ] imｐaｔient ﻩ［B］　consｉderateﻩﻩ ﻩ［Ｃ］ agｇressivｅ ［Ｄ] agreeaｂｌe
24. Tｈe autｈｏr ｉs sｔｒｏｎgly oｐposed to the prａctiｃe　of　exａminａtiｏns at ｓcｈools bｅcａuｓｅ___＿.
[A] the pｒｅsｓｕre is　too ｇreat ｏn the　studeｎts ﻩ［B] ｓomｅ studentｓ are　ｂouｎd ｔo faｉl
[Ｃ] failure　rates　arｅ tｏo hｉgh ﻩﻩﻩ [Ｄ] the resuｌｔs of ｅxanimationｓ aｒｅ dｏubtful
25. The ｓeleｃtioｎ of　medical ｐrｏfessiｏnals aｒｅ　ｃｕrrｅntｌy basｅd on_＿＿_．
[A]　cａndidates’　seｎsitivity ﻩﻩﻩ[B］ aｃａdemic　acｈieｖｅmeｎts
[C]　cｏｍｐetitｉve sｐirit ﻩ ﻩ[D］ surｅr　valｕｅs
26. Frｏm tｈe passage we ｃan dｒａｗ ｔhe conclｕsion that＿_＿_.
[A] tｈe peｒsonality ｏf a　cｈｉld is wｅll estaｂlishｅd at ｂiｒth
[B]　fａmily　inflｕenｃe doｍinatｅs ｔhe ｓhapｉnｇ of ｏne＇ s characｔerｉstｉcｓ .
［C] the ｄｅｖelopmｅｎt ｏf　ｏne＇ ｓ ｐersonaｌity　is　due ｔo muｌtiple　ｆactoｒs
[Ｄ] B-type ｃhａｒaｃｔeristｉｃｓ can fｉｎd no　place iｎ　ｃoｍｐｅｔitive society
Ｐassage 5
Ｔhａt experiences infｌuence subseqｕent behａｖiｏｕｒ is eｖidence oｆ an obｖiｏus　ｂut nevｅrtheleｓｓ reｍaｒｋabｌe　activitｙ　caｌlｅd ｒemｅmbering. Ｌeaｒｎinｇ couｌd　not　ocｃuｒ wｉｔhout　thｅ fｕnctiｏn pｏpularly named mｅmoｒy. Coｎstaｎt practicｅ has ｓuch as eｆfect on　meｍory as　ｔo lｅad tｏ skillful　performance oｎ tｈe pianｏ, ｔｏ　rｅcitａtioｎ　of　a　ｐoem,　ａｎd　ｅven　to readiｎg and unｄerstandiｎg thｅse ｗordｓ. So-ｃalled intelｌigent behａviour abilｉty ｔo sｏｌve any ｐroblｅm　or even　to recｏgｎizｅ tｈat a ｐroｂｌem exiｓｔｓ depends on memor