Unit-2-critical-thinking.doc
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1、Unit 2 Critical Thinking批判性思维思辨Keynote Address July 23, 2007By Richard Paul, Director of Research and Professional Development at the Center for Critical Thinking,Chair of the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking The 27th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking July 2326
2、, 2007Berkeley, CAIn college education and in daily life, critical thinking is of vital importance、 Richard Paul, in the following section, gives an enlightening discussion of the issue、What is critical thinking? There are many ways to define it、 It is a system for opening every existing system、 It
3、opens up business, chemistry, and sports like tennis and basketball、 It opens up professional practice、 It opens up ethnics and enables us to see through ideology、 It enables us to put things into intellectual perspective它让我们以知识得眼光瞧待事物、 A system that opens up systems is one way to think of critical
4、thinking、开发各种系统得系统,这就是瞧待批判性思维得一种方式。Here is the first definition of critical thinking、 Or, critical thinking is thinking that analyzes thought分析思想, that assesses thought评估思想, and that transforms thought for the better升华思想得思维、 Here is the second definition of critical thinking、Theres a third way to ta
5、lk about critical thinking overlapping and related to the other two、Its thinking about thinking while thinking in order to think better、Here is the third definition of critical thinking、Everyone thinks、We have no choice about that、 But, not everybody thinks about their thinking、 And not everyone who
6、 thinks about their thinking thinks about it well、 You can worry about your thinking、You can think badly of your thinking、 You can be embarrassed by your thinking、 You can focus on it in a dysfunctional way 您可以以功能失调得方式关注您得思维 that is not critical thinking、 This morning, lets think about it as a way o
7、f thinking that enables a thinker to think regularly at a higher level than most people are capable of thinking、 In other words, critical thinking, as I am conceiving it, transforms thinking in two directions把思维导致两个方向、 You think more systematically as a result、 And you think more prehensively as a r
8、esult、 And in thinking more prehensively, you think at a higher level、 Not because you are at a higher level as a person, but because you are able to put thinking into the background and see it = thinking in a larger, more prehensive framework、 For example, we needto discover the extent to which our
9、 thinking is bound by a culture受文化得约束、 Cultures are good in many ways、 But, to the extent that they lock us in to one way使我们局限于某一视角 of looking at the world, we need to transcend them我们需要超越文化、 We need to think beyond them、 Why is this important? Its important because we, as creatures, are deeply dete
10、rmined深深地受到(我们思维方式)得左右 in our life, and in our behavior, and in our character, and in other ways are determined by our thinking、We have no choice but to be governed by thought、 The question is, do we govern the thought that governs us我们控制了那些控制我们得思想了吗? Ideas control us、观念控制着我们 Do we control them?Idea
11、s control our thinking、 So in order to think critically, we need to get rid of ideas、 Reversing the process so that were in the drivers seat 将这个过程倒过来,这样我们就坐在驾驶座上 so that were doing the thinking we need to do as well as we can is what critical thinking is about、 Our future as a species is dependent o
12、n whether we can develop the wherewithal方法 to raise our collective thinking激发我们得集体思维 so as to produce positive changes in societies across the world、The task before us collectively is a Herculean hkjulin大力神得,力大无比得,费力得one、 The task of developing critical societies、 The idea of a critical society date
13、s back many hundred years, but it was very pointedly called for明确提出 in 1906, by William Graham Sumner, the great anthropologist, who emphasized in his seminal开创性得,种子得 book, Folkways,民俗论 that if a critical society existed that is, a society in which critical thinking was a major social value if such
14、a society were to emerge, it would transform every dimension of life and practice、 We are far from such a society, but we need to think about it、 It needs to be part of our vision、 The structure of this conference suggests some of the most important dimensions of this vision、If you think about the t
15、ask of developing critical thinking, do not think that task is going to be acplished easily without facing barriers to critical thought, amongst which are the following、 Human egocentricity, our tendency to think with ourselves at the center of the world、 Sociocentricity, our tendency to think withi
16、n the confines of our social groups、 Selfdelusion, our tendency to create pictures of the world that deceive us and others、 Narrowmindedness, wherein we think of ourselves as broad, deep, and in touch with reality when, if only we understood, we would see ourselves as narrow and limited、 Or, think o
17、f the barrier of fear、 Fear undermines thinking, fear drives us to the lowest levels of thought, fear makes us defensive、 It makes us little and petty、 And then there is human insecurity、 And, then human habits, our tendencies to go through the same old patterns of thought and behavior and be domina
18、ted by them; our inability to target our negative habits and replace themwith positive habits、 Then there is routine: Ordinary routine、When you go back to your home environment, ordinary routine will click in and many of you will find that the things you intended to do, the changes you intended to m
19、ake, somehow are swallowed up in the ordinary routine of things、 And connected to routine there is a huge obstacle: bureaucracy、 We have created all kinds of levels of monitoring and testing and controlling and limiting and sanctioning, ordering, defining our behavior and our thoughts、 And, very oft
20、en the bureaucrat forgets the purpose for which the institution exists、 Then for us who are teaching, student resistance to critical thinking is an obstacle, because critical thinking asks those students to learn in a new way、 And it is a way that is not fortable to most of them、 Our thinking is lim
21、ited by mistaken notions, by ignorance, by our limited knowledge, and by stubbornness, our activated ignorance、 And finally, our resistance to doing the intellectual work necessary to critical thinking、We need hundreds of millions of people around the world who have learned to take and internalize t
22、he foundations of critical thought、This can be done only personbyperson through a process, which we call intellectual work、 Think of the Elements of Thought: Each element plays a crucial role in thought、 What is our purpose? What questions are we raising? What information are we using? What assumpti
23、ons are we making? What data are we gathering? What data do we not have? Given the data that we have, what is it telling us? And, when we e to conclusions about the data, what do those conclusions imply? Within what point of view are we thinking? Do we need to consider another point of view?Where ca
24、n we get access to such points of view? Questions like this are questions that embody the elements in very important ways、 They are crucial questions、 But, are we in the habit of asking them?Theres a wonderful book on historical thinking by Carr、 The title of the book is What is History? This book w
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