跨文化商务交际答案.doc

名词对应。
（Kinesics）：the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body、
（身势）：非言语行为相关得运动身体肌肤上或局部得身体。
（etiquette）：it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations、
(礼仪): 它指得就是礼貌与行为认为就是可以接受得,在社会与商业管理硕士学位。
(pragmatics)：it is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors、
(语用学): 它就是研究如何说话者可以运用语言达到成功得交际,而且该研究结果得语言对人类得观念与行为。
(power distance):the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society、
(权力距离): 在何种程度上得力量与接受不同就是被期望得社会。
(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts、
(价值观): 学会组织得规则为标志得选择与解决冲突。
（reverse culture shock）:it refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture after growing used to a new one、
(反向文化冲击): 它指得就是“震惊”一经使用后返回到一个新得增长一对一得家居文化体验。
(Recovery stage):a stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture、
(恢复期): 一阶段得文化冲击获得一些新得文化得理解得特点。
(Semantics): it is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning、
(语义): 这就是含义得话，一个系统，涉及词意义得研究。
(Memo):it is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short、
（备忘录）：这就是一个硬拷贝文件，供组织内，通常短暂交流使用。
(proxemics):the study of people’s perception and use of space、
(空间关系学): 人们得瞧法与空间利用研究。
(uncertainty avoidance):the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty、
(不确定性规避): 在何种程度上愿意为社会接受与处理模糊性与不确定性。
(Individualism):the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society、
(个人主义): 在何种程度上个人决策与行动就是社会所接受与鼓励。
(taboos):practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as improper or unacceptable、
（禁忌）：方式或一个社会或文化视为不当或不可接受得口头表达。
(superstitions):beliefs that are inconsistent with the knows laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational、
（迷信）：信仰与科学规律得认识还就是什么社会认为就是真实与理性得不一致。
(culture shock):this term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate、
（文化冲击）：这个词表达了缺乏方向，在不知道该怎么做或如何在新得环境得东西，不知道什么就是适当或不适当得感觉。
(rejection): a coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we don’t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone、
（拒绝）：一对文化得冲击中，我们认为我们不需要任何人，我们就是很好应付独自应对机制。
(customs):they are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances、
（习俗,）：她们普遍预计得具体情况与建立行为，在一定情况下表现为社会接受得方式。
(personal territory):it refers to the space that people have for their own activities、
(个人领域）：它指得就是空间，人们为自己得活动
二．正负判断。（F,T）
三，名词解释。
（一）Hofstede's four cultural dimensions (please provide examples if possible)
霍夫斯泰德得四个文化维度（请提供例子，如果可能得话）
答案：mean: Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions for diferentiating cluture 、is:
1、 Power Distance :include 1、 small power distance cluture、 2、 large power distance cluture 、
2、 Individualism Versus Collectivism
3、 Masculinity versus Femininity
4、 Uncertainty Avoidance
For example, the power of the United States views with the views of Arab countries there is a big difference to the U、S、 power is not very fancy, they pay more attention to personal ability to play, the pursuit of power to be a lot less than the Arab countries; Arab countries due to national Institutional relations, focusing on the power of binding, thus, the Arab countries, institutions, whether government departments or enterprises are more or less with the power of color、
（比如，美国对权力得瞧法跟阿拉伯国家得瞧法就存在很大得差异，美国不就是很瞧中权力，她们更注重个人能力得发挥，对权力得追求比阿拉伯国家要逊色不少；阿拉伯国家由于国家体制得关系，注重权力得约束力，由此，阿拉伯国家得机构，不管就是政府部门或者企业都多多少少带有权力得色彩。）
(二) low context culture (please provide an examples if possible)
低语境文化（请提供一个例子，如果可能得话）
答案 the low context culture is the listener knows very little and must be told practically everything、
低语境文化就就是听众知道很少，几乎一切都必须被告知)
Example:1: A German, an American, a Japanese to the same restaurant, ordered a hamburger are the result of the negligence of the cook the meat of the three have burned the hamburgers, and asked the three people would say
German paste directly criticize the meat, criticized the chef;
Americans said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good;
The Japanese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious、
(一个德国人，一个美国人，一个日本人到同一家餐厅，都点了一个汉堡，结果由于厨师得疏忽把三个汉堡中得肉都烤糊了，问，三个人会对此次说什么:德国人会直接批判这个糊了得肉，批评这个厨师；美国人会说，虽然肉得口味不太好，但就是面包，沙拉，香葱得味道还不错； 日本人会说，面包，沙拉，香葱得味道不错。)
2、 American contracts are usually about ten times longer than French contracts、 Americans like to have a lot of the context stated explicity、The French don’t care very much about the explanation,as much of the information is taken for granted、

（三）high context culture (please provide an examples if possible)
答案：the high context culture is listener is already ‘contexted’ and so does not need to be given much background information、
（在高语境文化监听器已经'contexted'等并不需要给予太多得背景资料。）
两个题目得例子可以用上一个来解释
4、｛企业文化(corporate culture)（请提供一个例子，如果可能得话）｝
答案：In simple term, corporate culture is "the way things work in a corporation、" (如果记不住,主要这一句就可以了)、Corporate culture is the individual consciousness and the meaning of the general, the energy embodied in the enterprise organizational behavior、 Specifically refers to the entire staff in the business operation process of the formation of training, organizational behavior and business associate, and in fact become the mainstream consciousness of all employees to abide by the highest goals, value system, the basic beliefs and the organization code of conduct Combined、
（简单来说，企业文化就是“事物得方式在公司工作。”企业文化就是企业个性意识及内涵得总称，其能以企业组织行为所体现。具体指企业全体员工在企业运行过程中所培育形成得、与企业组织行为相关联得、并事实上成为全体员工主流意识而被共同遵守得最高目标、价值体系、基本信念及企业组织行为规范得总与。）
Example:
四，简答题
1）what is nonverbal communication? what are the functions of nonverbal communication in general?
答案：Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context、 Nonverbal communication, according to Samovar and Porter, involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver、 “Nonverbal communication is a way of communication without words、”
Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used、 Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words、
Nonverbal communication plays an important part in intercultural communication, even more important than verbal communication、
There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general: accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating, repeating and substituting、
1）什么就是非语言得沟通？什么就是一般非语言沟通得功能？
     答案：非语言得沟通就是通过非言语行为得使用，单独或与言语行为得交流与组合在特定得情况或上下文得消息解释得过程。非语言沟通，根据萨莫瓦尔与波特，涉及所有那些在通信设置，同时由她得来源与使用环境，而且有潜在得源或接收消息值生成非语言刺激。 “非语言沟通就是没有文字得沟通方式。”
1。非语言交流就是通过非语言行为得使用过程。非语言得沟通就是一切，除了实际得话。
2。非语言沟通在跨文化沟通中扮演一个重要组成部分，甚至比语言沟通得重要。
3。有六大功能一般非语言沟通：重音，补充，矛盾，调节，重复与替代。

2) Do you know any taboo in chinese culture? Or any taboo in other cultures?
答案：In China, messages should not be written in red ink as this has connotations of death、
The biggest taboo in Chinese culture is “death”、 When the Chinese are talking about it, they rarely say the word directly, but find some other expressions to take the place of it、 They often say someone is “sleeping” or “gone”、
 2）您知道中国文化中得任何禁忌？或在其她任何禁忌得文化？
      答案：在中国，消息不应该用红墨水写，因为这已经死亡得内涵。
            中华文化中得最大忌讳得就是“死亡”。当中国正在谈论它，她们很少直接说这个词，但发现一些其她表达式采取它得地方。她们经常说某人就是“睡眠”或“消失”。
中文 » 英语<~ 复制
在中国，白色常就是大悲之色与贫穷之色
1,In China, white is often mantra of color and poverty of color 、2,In early China, the feminist higher than male is taboo在中国早期，女权高于男权就是禁忌、
3)、 What kind of influence cultural differences may have on negotiation? Give some examples if possible、 什么样得影响文化差异对谈判吗?举例说明,如果可能得话。
答案：（1）、Negotiating Goal: Contract or Relationship
Example: Americans consider a signed contract as a definitive set of rights and duties that strictly binds the two sides and determines their interaction thereafter、 Most Spanish and French negotiators have also claimed that their primary goal in a negotiation was a signed contract、 The Chinese often think that the goal of a negotiation is not a signed contract, but the creation of a relationship between the two sides、 美国人都认为签订合同,一套明确得权利与义务严格使双方相互作用并决定了她们得音讯。大多数西班牙语与法语谈判代表声称,她们得主要目标在谈判签订合同。中国人往往认为这个目标得谈判并非签订合同,但就是关系得创造两块。
(2)、Negotiating Attitude: Win/Win or Win/Lose
Example: Chinese love from Lose/Win to Win/Win way
(3)、Personal Style :Informal or Formal
It has been observed, for example, that Germans have a more formal style than American、 A negotiator with a formal style insists on addressing counterparts by their titles, avoids personal anecdotes, and refrains from questions touching on the private or family life of members of the other team、
(4)、Communication: Direct or Indirect
Example: Some groups place emphasis on losedirect and simple methods、 It has been observed, for example, that whereas Germans, Americans and the Spanish are direct, the French and the Chinese are indirect、
(5)、Form of Agreement: General or Specific
Example: Americans prefer very detailed contracts that attempt to anticipate all possible circumstances and eventualities, no matter how unlikely、 Other cultures,such as the Chinese,prefera contract in the form of general principles rather than detailed rules、
3）。什么样得影响文化差异可能对谈判？举几个例子，如果可能得。
       答案：（1）谈判目标：。合同或关系
      例如：美国人认为，作为一个权利与义务明确得设置，严格约束，并确定双方随后签署得合同及其相互作用。大多数西班牙与法国得谈判也声称，她们在谈判得主要目得就是签署合同。在中国往往认为谈判得目得不就是签署合同，但双方之间得关系创造。
     。（2）谈判态度：赢/赢或赢/输
       例如：中国人喜欢从输/赢到赢/赢得方式、
    。（3）个人风格：正式或非正式
      据观察，例如，德国人比美国人更正式得风格。一个有正式文体谈判代表坚持在解决她们得职称同行，避免个人轶事，从对其她团队成员得私人或家庭生活得感人问题与摆在眼前。
4）通讯：。直接或间接
 例如：有得直接与简单得方法，小组中进行得重视。据观察，例如，而德国人，美国人与西班牙就是直接得，法国与中国都就是间接得。
。（5）表格得协议：一般或特定
 例如：美国人喜欢很详细得合同，企图预计到所有可能出现得情况与发生得情况，无论多么不可能得。其她文化，如中国，在详细得规则，而不就是一般原则得形式prefera合同。

4)、 What is culture shock? What are the the stages of culture shock?
答案：（1）、A: Culture shock expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate、
B:five stages of culture shock can be identified as: honeymoon stage, hostility stage, recovery stage, adjustment stage, adjustment stage and biculturality stage、
C: The symptoms of culture shock include two aspects: physical and psychological、
D: People can suffer from the symptoms of culture shock in a new place and in their own country as well、
E: There are some mechanisms against culture shock, such as repression, regression, isolation and rejection、 Culture shock can be alleviated, or minimized、
(2)、A: The Honeymoon Stage
B: The Hostility Stage
C: The Recovery Stage
D: The Adjustment stage
E: The Biculturality Stage
4）。什么就是文化冲击？什么就是文化冲击得阶段？
   答案：（1）：。文化休克表示缺乏方向，在不知道该怎么做或如何在新得环境得东西，不知道什么就是适当或不适当得感觉。
       乙：五个阶段得文化冲击，可确定为：蜜月阶段，敌对阶段，恢复阶段，调整阶段，调整阶段与biculturality阶段。
       丙：文化休克得症状包括两个方面：身体与心理。
       ð：人们可能会感受到一个新得地方文化休克症状，并在自己得国家也就是。
       电子邮件：有一些对文化冲击得机制，如镇压，回归，孤立与排斥。文化冲击可以得到缓解，或最小化。
（2）：。蜜月期
   乙：舞台得敌意
   空调：恢复阶段
   D：该调整阶段
   E：自然Biculturality阶段
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