高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语.doc

高中英语语法通霸1、 句子结构成分分析
主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语

英语得句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”与“同位语”得说法。但表语与系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语与宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语得一部分。
考点1. 划分句子成分时得常用符号
英语中划分句子成分得符号
主语 在下面画直线
谓语 在下面画曲线
宾语 在下面画双横线
定语 在下面画虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”得“定”）
状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）
补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像就是为了弥补上面短横间得空隙）
同位语 上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）
考点1. 主语
主语就是一个句子所叙述得主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性得词来充当。
可以作主语得词性或语法结构：
1、 名词 2、 代词 3、 数词
4、 不定式 5、 动名词 6、 主语从句等表示。
7、 名词化得形容词（如the rich）
在英语中，形容词、副词与介词短语就是不能作主语得。如果它们在句首时，句子可能就是倒装句，真正得主语在后面。
On the desk are some books、 (主语就是books，所以用are)
Down jumps the boy、 (主语就是the boy，所以用jumps )
Gone are the days、 (主语就是the days，所以用are)
练习1. 在下面句子得主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular、
2. We often speak English in class、
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls、
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure、
5. Smoking does harm to the health、
6. The rich should help the poor、
7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided、
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language、
9. That he isn’t at home is not true、
10. There comes the bus、
11. Beyond the village lies a small village、
12. Now comes your turn、
考点2. 谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做得动作或具有得特征与状态。谓语得构成如下：
A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning、
He reads newspapers every day、
B. 复合谓语：
① 由情态动词或其她助动词加动词构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks、
He has caught a bad cold、
My sister is crying over there、
I have been waiting for you all the time、
I would stay at home all day、
Has he come back?
He didn’t attend the meeting yesterday、
② 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要与表语一起作谓语。如：
We are students、
Your idea sounds great、
考点3. 表语
表语多就是形容词，用以说明主语得身份、特征与状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
练习2. 画出下列句中得表语，并说明由什么充当。
1. Our teacher of English is an American、
2. Is it yours?
3. The weather has turned cold、
4. The speech is exciting、
5. Three times seven is twenty-one、
6. His job is to teach English、
7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football、
8. The machine must be under repairs、
9. The truth is that he has never been abroad、
考点4. 宾语
宾语由名词性得词充当，表示动作得对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词与介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语与介词宾语。
练习3. 画出下列句中得宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1. They planted many trees yesterday、
2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five、
3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday、
4. I wanted to buy a car、
5. I enjoy listening to popular music、
6. I think（that）he is fit for his office、
考点5. 宾语补足语
宾语补足语与宾语构成逻辑上得主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补得主语。
带有宾语补足语得一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语与从句充当。
练习4. 用下划线画出下列句中得宾语补足语，并指出就是什么词充当，同时体会宾补与宾语之间得逻辑关系。
1. His father named him Dongming、
2. They painted their boat white、
3. Let the fresh air in、
4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you、
5. We saw her entering the room、
6. We found everything in the lab in good order、
7. We will soon make our city what your city is now、
8. I want your homework done on time、
考点6. 主补
对主语得补充。含有宾语补足语得句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来得宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor、
She was found singing in the next room、
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson、
考点7. 定语
定语就是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用得词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……得”表示。定语通常位于被修饰得成分前。
在英语中，许多情况下，定语就是放在所修饰词后面得，这点与汉语习惯不同，也就是许多同学不能读懂长句得主要原因。定语后置常见得有以下几种情况：
A. 副词用作定语一般要后置。
People there are very friendly、 (那儿得人们)
He didn’t like the man downstairs、 （楼下得那个人）
B. 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
The next man is a scientist、
The man next to me is a scientist、（我旁边得那个人）
C. 介词短语作定语时要后置。
The boy under the tree is Tom、（树下得那个男孩）
The tallest boy in our class is John、（我们班最高得那个男孩）
D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。
I have something to say、 (直译：我有要说得话)
The boy crying over there is my classmate、
（在那边哭得那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive、
（去年建得那座房子）
练习5. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语得位置，并说明定语就是由什么词性或结构充当。
1. The letter on the desk is for Mr、 Wu、
2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother、
3. We need a place twice larger than this one、
4. She carried a basket full of eggs、
5. It’s a book worth no more than one dollar、
6. It’s a city far from the coast、
7. He has money enough to buy a car、
8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep、
9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city、
10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat、
11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you、
12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home、
13. There are many clothes to be washed、
14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America、
15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team、
考点8. 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征得句子成分，叫作状语。
He writes carefully、 He walks slowly、
(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)
This material is environmentally friendly、
（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）
He runs very slowly、
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very就是副词，作状语）
Unfortunately, he lost all of his money、
（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）
A. 几个并列状语得先后顺序：方式→地点→时间
一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般就是：方式→地点→时间。如：
I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning、
He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment、
B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语得排列一般就是从小到大
先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。
I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p、m、 on Thursday, August 28th, 2015、
I was born at 6 a、m、, March 16, 2000、
He lives at 1120 Green Street, London、
C. 频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。
You can never tell what he will do、
He is often late、
He is always helping others、
He often came late、
D. 状语按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不就是，那很可能就就是状语了。因此，状语得种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目得、结果、程度、条件、方式与让步等。
练习6. 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。
1. How about meeting again at six?
2. Mr、 Smith lives on the third floor、
3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because
of the rain、
4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care、
5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand、
6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work
harder、
7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very
interested in business、
8. The boy needs a pen very much、
9. The boy really needs a pen、
10、 He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately、
11、 She works very hard though she is old、
12、 I am taller than he is、
13、 I shall go there if it doesn’t rain、
14、 On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom、
15、 Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a
pen、
考点9. 同位语
同位语就是在名词或代词之后得并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard、 (students就是we得同位语，都就是指同一批“学生”）
It’s good to us students、
练习7. 画出下列句中得同位语。
1. The young man, my brother, works in the office、
2. Our English teacher, Mrs、 Wang, often helps us with study、
3. They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train、

I. 单句改错
根据所学主语相关内容，改正下列句中得错误。
1. Beyond the mountains lie a small village、
2. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot、
3. Play basketball is my favorite sport、
4. Give up English is not an option、
5. By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social experience、
6. Without a friend will feel lonely、
II. 语法填空（每空至多填三词）
7. They planned______(take) two days off next week、
8. He practiced ______ (speak) English every day、
9. Here ______(be) your books、
10. On the wall ______ (hang) two pictures、
III. 写作技能提升
A. 注意句子主语得形式。
11. 在我瞧来，早睡早起将对我们得健康有好处。（in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health）
12. 她这次考试不及格使她不高兴。（he failed the exam, make, upset）
13. 在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）
14. 我们现在正在学得知识对我们将来得生活与工作都很有帮助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）
B. 用形容词作后置定语。
15. 您认识Tom旁边得那个人吗？（know, next to）
16. 尽早把她送到距您家最近得医院。（send…to, nearest to, as soon as possible）
17. 我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐得餐厅。（dining hall, large enough, hold）
C. 注意状语得顺序。
18. 那时她正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework, in the classroom, carefully, at that moment）
19. 上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard）
20. 她昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform incredibly well, speech contest）
D. 注意频度副词得位置。QQ329950885
21. 我永远不会忘记她那天对我讲得话。（will, forget, what he told me, never）
22. 我经常去那家超市。（frequently, the supermarket）
23. 她总就是帮助别人。（always, helping）
24. 我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never, treat an old man like that, should）
25. 活到老，学到老。（one, never, too old to learn）

答案：

练习1. 在下面句子得主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular、（名词）
2. We often speak English in class、（代词）
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls、（数词）
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure、（不定式短语）
5. Smoking does harm to the health、（动名词）
6. The rich should help the poor、（名词化得形容词）
7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided、（主语从句）
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language、（it作形式主语，真正得主语为后面得不定式）
9. That he isn’t at home is not true、 (主语从句， that不能省略)
10. There comes the bus、 (副词不能作主语，本句为倒装句，名词the bus作主语)
11. Beyond the village lies a small village、 (介词短语不能作主语，主语就是后面得名词短语)
12. Now comes your turn、 （副词不能作主语，主语就是后面得名词）
练习2. 画出下列句中得表语，并说明由什么充当。
1. Our teacher of English is an American、（名词）
2. Is it yours?（代词）
3. The weather has turned cold、（形容词）
4. The speech is exciting、（分词/形容词，这样得分词已形容词化了）
5. Three times seven is twenty-one、（数词）
6. His job is to teach English、（不定式）
7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football、（动名词）
8. The machine must be under repairs、（介词短语）
9. The truth is that he has never been abroad、（从句）
练习3. 画出下列句中得宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1. They planed many trees yesterday、（名词）
2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five、（数词）
3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday、（名词化形容词）
4. I wanted to buy a car、（不定式短语）
5. I enjoy listening to popular music、（动名词短语）
6. I think that he is fit for his office、（宾语从句）
练习4. 用下划线画出下列句中得宾语补足语，并指出就是什么词充当。
1. His father named him Dongming、（名词）
2. They painted their boat white、（形容词）
3. Let the fresh air in、（副词）
4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you、（不定式短语）
5. We saw her entering the room、（现在分词）
6. We found everything in the lab in good order、（介词短语）
7. We will soon make our city what your city is now、（从句）
8. I want your homework done on time、(过去分词短语)
练习5. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语得位置，并说明定语就是由什么词性或结构充当。
1. The letter on the desk is for Mr、 Wu、
桌子上得那封信就是给吴先生得。（介词短语作后置定语）
2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother 、
怀里抱婴儿得那个妇女就是她得母亲。（with得复合结构作后置定语）
3. We need a place twice larger than this one、
我们需要一个比这个地方大两倍得地方。（形容词短语作后置定语）
4. She carried a basket full of eggs、
她提着一个装满鸡蛋得篮子。（形容词短语作后置定语）
5. It’s a book worth no more than one dollar、
那就是一本仅值一美元得书。（形容词短语作后置定语）
6. It’s a city far from the coast、
它就是一座距海岸很远得城市。（形容词短语作后置定语）
7. He has money enough to buy a car、
她有足够能买一辆车得钱。（形容词短语作后置定语）
8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep、
楼下得那个人正在尽力睡觉。（副词作后置定语）
9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city、
在我们城市有许多需要维修得名胜。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat、
属于食肉动物得老虎以肉为食。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you、
一个自称为John得男孩想见您。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home、
在回家得路上，她捡起一个躺在路上得钱包。（现在分词短语作后置定语；副词短语作后置定语）
13. There are many clothes to be washed、
有许多要洗得衣服。意译为：有许多衣服要洗。（动词不定式短语作后置定语）
14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America、
大多数被邀请参加派对得歌手都来自美国。（过去分词短语作后置定语）
15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team、
接着，她要列队游行经过宫殿得那一天到了。（定语从句修饰the great day）
练习6. 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。
1、 时间状语 2、 地点状语 3、 原因状语
4、 方式状语 5、 伴随状语 6、 目得状语
7、 目得状语 8、 程度状语 9、 程度状语
10、 结果状语 11、 让步状语 12、 比较状语
13、 条件状语 14、 时间状语；地点状语
15、 原因状语
练习7. 画出下列句中得同位语。QQ329950885
1. The young man, my brother, works in the office、
2. Our English teacher, Mrs Wang often helps us with study、
3. They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train、

1. 把lie改为lies； 介词短语不能作主语，主语就是后面得a small village。
2. 把is改为are；句子得主语就是the days。
3. Play改为Playing；在这里指经常打篮球，要用动名词作主语。
4. Give改为To give；在做决定时，放弃英语不就是一个选择。give up指具体得某一次。
5. 去掉By，doing改为Doing; 介词短语不能作主语。
6. will前加we。介词短语不能作主语。
7. to take; plan后跟动词不定式作宾语。
8. speaking；practice后跟动名词作宾语。
9. are；副词here不能作主语，主语就是后面得books。
10. hang；介词短语不能作主语，倒装句，主语就是pictures。
11. In my opinion, getting up early and going to bed early will do a lot of good to our health、
12. That he failed the exam made him upset、
13. Between the two tall buildings stands our teaching building、
14. What we are learning now will be of great help to our life and work in the future、
15. Do you know the man next to Tom?
16. Please send him to the hospital nearest to your home as soon as possible、
17. We have a dining hall large enough to hold 3, 000 students、
18. He was doing his homework carefully in the classroom at that moment、
19. We planted many trees in our schoolyard last Sunday、
20. He performed incredibly well in the speech contest yesterday、
21. I will never forget what he told me that day、
22. I frequently go to the supermarket、 /I go to the supermarket frequently、
23. He is always helping others、
24. We should never treat an old man like that、
25. One is never too old to learn、