2023年毕设必备道路桥梁专业毕业设计英文翻译.docx
《2023年毕设必备道路桥梁专业毕业设计英文翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2023年毕设必备道路桥梁专业毕业设计英文翻译.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在咨信网上搜索。
1、Accident Analysis and PreventionThis paper describes a project undertaken to establish a self-explaining roads (SER) design programme on existing streets in an urban area. The methodology focussed on developing a process to identify functional road categories and designs based on endemic road charac
2、teristics taken from functional exemplars in the study area. The study area was divided into two sections, one to receive SER treatmentsdesigned to maximise visual differences between road categories, and a matched control area to remain untreated for purposes of comparison. The SER design for local
3、 roads included increased landscaping and community islands to limit forward visibility, and removal of road markings to create a visually distinct road environment. In comparison, roads categorised as collectors received increased delineation, addition of cycle lanes, and improved amenity for pedes
4、trians. Speed data collected 3 months after implementation showed a significant reduction in vehicle speeds on local roads and increased homogeneity of speeds on both local and collector roads. The objective speed data, combined with residents speed choice ratings,indicated that the project was succ
5、essful in creating two discriminably different road categories. Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. Introduction1.1. BackgroundChanging the visual characteristics of roads to influence driver behaviour has come to be called the self-explaining roads (SER) approach (Theeuwes, 1998; Theeuwes and Godt
6、help, 1995;Rothengatter, 1999). Sometimes referred to as sustainable safety,as applied in the Netherlands, the logic behind the approach is the use of road designs that evoke correct expectations and driving behaviours from road users (Wegman et al., ; Weller etal., ). The SER approach focuses on th
7、e three key principles of functionality, homogeneity, and predictability (van Vliet and Schermers, ). In practice, functionality requires the creation of a few well-defined road categories (e.g., through roads, distributor roads, and access roads) and ensuring that the use of a particular road match
8、es its intended function. Multifunctional roads lead to contradictory design requirements, confusion in the minds of drivers, and incorrect expectations and inappropriate driving behaviour. Clearly defined road categories promote homogeneity in their use and prevent large differences in vehicle spee
9、d, direction,and mass. Finally, predictability, or recognisability, means keeping the road design and layout within each category as uniform as possible and clearly differentiated from other categories so that thefunction of a road is easily recognised and will elicit the correct behaviour from road
10、 users. The SER approach has been pursued to the largest extent in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom but it has also been of some interest inNewZealand. In , the National Road Safety Committee and the Ministry of Transport articulated a new National Speed Management Initiative which stated “The
11、 emphasis is not just on speed limit enforcement, it includes perceptual measures that influence the speed that a driver feels is appropriate for the section of road upon which they are drivingin effect the selfexplaining road” (New Zealand Ministry of Transport, ).In cognitive psychological terms,
12、the SER approach attempts to improve road safety via two complementary avenues. The first is to identify and use road designs that afford desirable driver behaviour. Perceptual properties such as road markings, delineated lane width, and roadside objects can function as affordances that serve as bui
13、ltin instructions and guide driver behaviour, either implicitly or explicitly (Charlton, a; Elliott et al., ; Weller et al., ).This work is more or less a direct development of work on perceptual countermeasures, perceptual cues in the roading environment that imply or suggest a particular speed or
14、lane position, either attentionally or perceptually (Charlton, , b; Godley et al.,1999). A second aspect of the SER approach is to establish mental schemata and scripts, memory representations that will allow road users to easily categorise the type of road on which they are.1.2. Localised speed man
15、agementThe traditional approaches to improving speed management,traffic calming and local area traffic management (LATM) have focussed on treating specific problem locations or “black spots”in response to crash occurrences or complaints from the public (Ewing, 1999). A potential disadvantage of thes
16、e approaches is that addressing the problem with localised treatments can lead to a re-emergence of the problem at another location nearby. Further,when applied inappropriately, localised approaches may address the problem from only one perspective, without considering the impact on other types of r
17、oad users or residents. When traffic calming treatments rely on physical obstacles such as speed humps they can be very unpopular with both residents and road users and can create new problems associated with noise, maintenance, and vandalism (Martens et al., 1997).From an SER perspective, treatment
18、s that are highly localized or idiosyncratic may do more harm than good by adding to the multiplicity of road categories and driver uncertainty, rather than building driver expectations around a few uniform road types. Instead of considering a single location in isolation, SER road designs are consi
19、dered within a hierarchy of road functions; e.g.,access roads, collector roads, and arterial roads. Although SER schemes may employ physical design elements used in traffic calming schemes (e.g., road narrowing with chicanes and access controls) they also employ a range of more visually oriented fea
20、tures such as median and edge line treatments, road markings,pavement surfaces, and roadside furniture. For an effective SER scheme it is important to select the combination of features thatwill afford the desired driver speeds and to ensure their consistent use to form distinct categories of road t
21、ypes (van der Horst and Kaptein, 1998; Wegman et al., ). road category that would meet the three SER principles of functionaluse, homogeneous use, and predictable use. Herrstedt () reported on the use of a standardised catalogue of treatments compiled from researcher and practitioner advice. Goldenb
22、eld and van Schagen () used a survey technique to determine road characteristics that minimise the difference between drivers ratings of preferred speed and perceived safe speed and select road features that make posted speeds “credible”. Aarts and Davidse () used a driving simulator to verify wheth
23、er the “essential recognisability characteristics” of different road classes conformed to the expectations of road users. Weller et al. () employed a rangeof statistical techniques, including factor analysis and categorical clustering to establish the road characteristics that drivers use to categor
24、ise different road types.The practical difficulties of implementing an SER system thus become a matter of finding answers to a series of questions. How does one create a discriminable road hierarchy for an existing road network? What road characteristics should be manipulated to establish category-d
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 2023 年毕设 必备 道路 桥梁 专业 毕业设计 英文翻译
1、咨信平台为文档C2C交易模式,即用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,收益归上传人(含作者)所有;本站仅是提供信息存储空间和展示预览,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容不做任何修改或编辑。所展示的作品文档包括内容和图片全部来源于网络用户和作者上传投稿,我们不确定上传用户享有完全著作权,根据《信息网络传播权保护条例》,如果侵犯了您的版权、权益或隐私,请联系我们,核实后会尽快下架及时删除,并可随时和客服了解处理情况,尊重保护知识产权我们共同努力。
2、文档的总页数、文档格式和文档大小以系统显示为准(内容中显示的页数不一定正确),网站客服只以系统显示的页数、文件格式、文档大小作为仲裁依据,平台无法对文档的真实性、完整性、权威性、准确性、专业性及其观点立场做任何保证或承诺,下载前须认真查看,确认无误后再购买,务必慎重购买;若有违法违纪将进行移交司法处理,若涉侵权平台将进行基本处罚并下架。
3、本站所有内容均由用户上传,付费前请自行鉴别,如您付费,意味着您已接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不进行额外附加服务,虚拟产品一经售出概不退款(未进行购买下载可退充值款),文档一经付费(服务费)、不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
4、如你看到网页展示的文档有www.zixin.com.cn水印,是因预览和防盗链等技术需要对页面进行转换压缩成图而已,我们并不对上传的文档进行任何编辑或修改,文档下载后都不会有水印标识(原文档上传前个别存留的除外),下载后原文更清晰;试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓;PPT和DOC文档可被视为“模板”,允许上传人保留章节、目录结构的情况下删减部份的内容;PDF文档不管是原文档转换或图片扫描而得,本站不作要求视为允许,下载前自行私信或留言给上传者【精****】。
5、本文档所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用;网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽--等)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
6、文档遇到问题,请及时私信或留言给本站上传会员【精****】,需本站解决可联系【 微信客服】、【 QQ客服】,若有其他问题请点击或扫码反馈【 服务填表】;文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“【 版权申诉】”(推荐),意见反馈和侵权处理邮箱:1219186828@qq.com;也可以拔打客服电话:4008-655-100;投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100。