高中英语名词讲解及练习.doc

名词
一、名词的分类
专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
专有名词
抽象名词 不可数名词
物质名词
普通名词
集体名词
个体名词 可数名词
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
Proper Nouns： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称
Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Year’s Day
注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写
Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词
1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西
可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments
也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream
2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体
Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public
集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。
His family _____ not large.
His family ______ all music lovers.
有少数集体名词通常用作单数。
Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
个别集体名词则多作复数看待。
Eg: The police are looking for him.
3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。
Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil
一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：
1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”
Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份)
Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special tea. (一种)
2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。
Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪) waters(海域)…
4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念
Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.
多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。
Eg: He’s learning French for fun.
I wish you good luck.
抽象名词转化为可数名词。
Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念)
As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失败者，可数)
二、名词的数
不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。
例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America
不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。
可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：
情况
加法
例词
一般情况
加-s
brothers; schools
以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词
加-es
buses; watches; dishes
以辅音＋y结尾的词
去y加-ies
ladies; countries
以f或fe结尾的词
把f/fe改成ves
halves; leaves
Notes:
1. stomach -- stomachs
2. 以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys
3. 以-o 结尾的名词+ es在课本中出现的有hero, potato, tomato；其余以-o结尾的词+ s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo…)
4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefs
handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。
不规则变化：
变内部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen
词尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-children
ouse – ice：mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）
有些外来词的不规则复数形式：
Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises
criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media
单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese
以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu
只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of
thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle
“某国人”的复数形式：
•单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss,…
•词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,……
•变man为men Englishman---Englishmen, Frenchman---Frenchmen
但：German---Germans
复合名词的复数形式：
1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law → fathers-in-law, passer-by→passers-by,
looker-on→lookers-on, editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief
2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者）
3.由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers
•boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students
有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。
beauty(美，美貌)---a beauty(一个美人/物)
danger(危险)—a danger(一件危险的事/人)
failure(失败)—a failure(一件失败的事/人)
honour(光荣)—an honour(带来荣誉的/或事)
pity(遗憾)—a pity(一件可惜的事)
success(成功)—a success(一件成功的事/人)
surprise(惊奇)—a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事)
pleasure(乐趣)—a pleasure(一件有趣的事)
worry(担心)—a worry(一件令人担心的事)
experience(经验)—an experience(一次经历)
service(服务)—a service(一个服务机构)
英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。
a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称)
a machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称)
a job(一件工作) work(工作)
a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声)
a permit(许可证) permission(允许)
a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称)
a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李)
a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包)
a hair(一根头发) hair(头发)
几个名词的特殊用法
1. hair
His hair is white.（他的头发是白的。）
He has a few grey hairs.（他有几根白的头发。）
2. fruit
The fruit is sweet.
He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.
3. police
The police are searching for the murderer.
dozen, score
two (many, several) dozen pencils three dozen of them / these pencils
dozens of students two score of students scores of people
word（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。
三、名词的格
英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格。
所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加’s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。
所有格的形式：
1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加 ’s：Mary’s book
2. 以 –s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加’：Teachers’ Day, the students’ reading-room
3. 以 –s 结尾的专有名词所有格：Engels’s works 或Engels’ works
4. 复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加 ’s： his mother-in-law’s photo
the editor-in-chief’s opinion
5. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加’s, 如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加’s：Tom and Marry’s father, Tom’s and Marry’s fathers
6. 在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctor’s,
at the barber’s, at Mr. Green’s, at the tailor’s
7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格：today’s newspaper ten minutes’ walk China’s industry the station’s waiting-room the earth's surface a dollar's worth
8. 凡不能加 ’s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：
the door of our classroom
Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?
·在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。
a friend of her mother’s a few friends of Tom’s
that book of Tom’s several classmates of his
9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：
This is not my pen, but Mary’s.
10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系）
room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher
但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语
parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部)
sports meet(运动会)
名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns:
1.I’ll take the risk for friendship’s sake. (为了友谊)
2.She was at her wit’s end. （黔驴技穷）
3.Now they could sing at their heart’s content. （尽情地）
4.We should get the children out of harm’s way. （不受损害）
5.We had best keep them at arm’s length. （保持距离）
6.For goodness’ sake, stop arguing. （看在上帝的份上）
7.Jane got the money’s worth out of the coat. （很合算）

1. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _____ of courage and power.
A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol
2. He dropped the _______ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup
3. I need _______ cloth, for I’m going to make _______ clothes.
A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot
4. He gained his _______ by printing _______ of famous writers.
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _______.
A. energy B. source C. power D. material
6. You’ll find this map of great _______ in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
7. ---- Who did you spend last weekend with?
---- _______.
A. Palmer’s B. The Palmers’ C. The Palmers D. The Palmer’s
8. My parents always let me have my own _______ of living.
A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion
9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _______ of courage and power.
A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol
10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _______ of the earthquake.
A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers
11. If you don’t take away all your things from the desk, there won’t be enough _______ for my stationery.
A. area B. place C. room D. surface
12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _______.
A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results
13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _______ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.
A. species B. group C. amount D. variety
14. ---- Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?
---- No, it’s out of _______ .
A. range B. reach C. control D. distance
15. The life of London is made up of many different ______.
A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities
16. For the sake of her daughter’s health, she decided to move to a warm _______ .
A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate

17. To regain their ______ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass.
A. force B. energy C. power D. health
18. I saw Bob play the piano at John’s party and on that _______ he was simply brilliant.
A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation
19. It can’t be a(n) _______ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night.
A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance
20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _______ and effect.
A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause
21. ---- I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.
---- There is no _______ for this while you are on duty.
A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation
22. The manager has got a good business ________ so the company is doing well.
A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking
23. Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within ______ of little children.
A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance
24. The environmentalists and wild goats’ _______ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.
A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance
25. The village is far away from here indeed. It‘s _____ walk
A . a four hour B. a four hour's C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
26. I have read the material several times but it doesn't make any ________ to me.
A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance
27. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
28. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key. A. price B. prize C. reward D. money
29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s .
A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place
30. At the meeting they discussed three different _______ to the study of mathematics。
A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways
31. Always read the _______ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.
A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions
32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of______。
A. date B. shape C. order D. balance
33. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _____ and weaknesses．
A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values
34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don’t give you any direct __.
A. solution B. target C. measure D. function
35. James took the magazines off the little table to make ______ for the television.
A. room B. area C. field D. position
36. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000, a (n) ______ of 40,000 per year.
A average B number C amount D quantity
38. After the earthquake, tile first thing the local government did was to provide ____________for the homeless families.
A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture
39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_____.
A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization
40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide_________ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.
A. division B. area C. range D. circle
41. I haven’t seen Sara since she was a girl，and she has changed beyond ______ .
A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D． measure
42. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _____ newspaper, with _____ in her eyes.
A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear
43. Her father works as a ______ in a hotel and her mother a ______ in a private company.
A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter
44. “Why couldn’t they meet us at five o’clock?” “Because they were delayed by ________.”
A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
45. In fact, _______ one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are
46. By all _______, you must try every _______ to help him.
A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means
47. Jim is ______ person, and everyone is willing to be ______ with him.
A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend
48. We already have ______ pencils, but we need two ______ pens.
A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of
49. She raised her finger to her lips as _____ for silence.
A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word
50. May I take your order now?” “We’d like three black _______ and two green _______.”
A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas
C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas
51. Ten years had passed. I found she had _______.
A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair
52. —Hi, this way, please.
—OK.I sometimes have no sense of ______ when I arrive at the crossroad.
A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition
53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ________.
A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire
54. I didn’t have to work all weekend — I did it by _______.
A. chance B. choice C. accident D. myself
55. “Did you get _____ to the party?” “Yes, I replied to it this morning.”
A. an answer B. an invitation C. a que