免疫器官与组织.pptx

免疫学免疫学（Medical Immunology ）南通大学医学院免疫学与微生物教研室南通大学医学院免疫学与微生物教研室(Departmentofimmunologyandmicrobiology)Helpful HintslThink,ratherthanmemorizelAskquestionslDontwaituntilthelastminutetostudyfortheexam基本概念基本概念l免免疫疫(immunity)机机体体识识别别自自我我和和非非我我物物质质，排斥抗原性异物，以维持自身稳定的生物功能。排斥抗原性异物，以维持自身稳定的生物功能。l 免免疫疫学学：即即是是研研究究免免疫疫系系统统结结构构与与功功能能的的科科学学。经经历历了了经经验验时时期期（公公元元11世世纪纪）、科科学学免免疫疫学学时时期期（19世世纪纪中中叶叶）、和和现现代代免免疫疫学学时时期期（20世世纪纪70年年代后期）。代后期）。ImmunitylResistancetoinfectioniscalledimmunity.lTheterm“immunity”isderivedfromtheGreekword“immunis”meaningexempt.lTherearetwotypesofimmunityinvertebrates.Innateimmunitypresentfrombirth.Acquiredimmunityresultofinfectionorvaccination.ImmunologylImmunology is the study of the ways in which the body defends itself from infectious agents and other foreign substances in its environment.immune response（免疫应答）lRecognition(识别)lTreatment（处理）lElimination（清除）Recover the balance（恢复平衡）恢复平衡）Innate（固有性免疫应答）（固有性免疫应答）Adaptive（适应性免疫应答）（适应性免疫应答）INNATE IMMUNITYWhen you were born,you brought with you several mechanisms to prevent illness.This type of immunity is also called nonspecific immunity.Adaptive immunity(antigen-specific)lReceptor-drivenlPre-existingclonesprogrammedtomakeaspecificimmuneresponse(humoral/cellular)Cells of the adaptive immune system:Dendritic cells,T and B lymphocytes,Dendritic cells,T and B lymphocytes,lLymphocytes are generated with unique antigen receptors on their surface.lDendritic cells(and macrophages)present antigen to lymphocytes and provide activating signalslLymphocytes undergo clonal expansion and migrate back to area of infection as effector cells.lT cytotoxic cells selectively kill virally infected cellslT helper cells selectively help B cells produce large amounts of high affinity specific antibody.lAfter infection,memory lymphocytes provide protective immunityThe Antigen-Presenting Cell(APC)Manyshortfragments(peptides,carbohydrates)fromtheseantigensarethenboundtomajorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC)moleculesandincorporatedintothecellmembrane.Iftheantigenisofexogenousorigin,thatis,itcamefromoutsidethebody,itwillbindtoclassIIMHCmolecules:-MHCclassIIarefoundinAPCs.Iftheantigenisofendogenousorigin,thatis,itwasproducedfrominsidetheinfectedcell,itwillbindreadilytoclassIMHCmoleculesandmovetothecellmembraneoftheinfectedcell.-MHCclassIarefoundinvirtuallyallnucleatedcells.Innate and adaptive(acquired)immunity are integratedThe products of the immune response may be usedlTodiagnosediseaselTomonitordiseaseprogresslAsreagentsinassaystodetectandquantifyothersubstances第二章第二章 免疫组织和器官免疫组织和器官 immune tissues and organs ANATOMY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEMLymphoid OrganslPrimaryorcentrallymphoidorgansbonemarrowandthymuswherelymphocytesaregeneratedlSecondaryorperipherallymphoidorganswhereadaptiveimmuneresponsesareinitiatedWherelymphocytesresidentLymphnode,spleen,MALT.上皮细胞上皮细胞胸腺基质细胞胸腺基质细胞 树突状细胞树突状细胞 巨噬细胞巨噬细胞胸腺细胞（前胸腺细胞（前T细胞）细胞）胸腺激素胸腺激素 thymus（胸腺）胸腺）l位于胸骨后，青春期后萎缩，是位于胸骨后，青春期后萎缩，是T细胞发育、细胞发育、成熟的场所成熟的场所组组 成成胸腺细胞组成和微环境l细胞组成l微环境细胞组成胸腺细胞胸腺细胞l前T(10%),被膜下区(DN:CD2+CD71+,CD38+，TCR/pT)l中等分化T(75%),皮质（DP:CD2+，TCR）l成熟T（15），髓质（SP:CD2+CD71-,CD38-CD44+)胸腺基质细胞胸腺基质细胞lMacrophagelInterdigitatingdendriticcell,IDClNursecell,NC胸腺微环境l基质细胞l胸腺激素l细胞因子（IL-1,3,6,7,12;CSF)l黏附分子胸腺激素l胸腺素胸腺素l来源：胸腺、脾脏、肺等l功能：促进分泌IL-2,MIF,TNF-.IFN-.IFN-，促进基质细胞表达IL-2Rl胸腺血清因子l促胸腺生成素l胸腺体液因子l胸腺抑素胸腺功能lT细胞分化成熟场所l免疫调节l自身耐受建立和维持胸腺外T细胞发育l肝脏l小肠肝脏lTCR密度：成熟T中等DP，TCRl表达NK细胞标志:NK1,IL-2R l无DP细胞，由DN和SP组成lCD44bone marrow（骨髓）（骨髓）l是是B细胞生成、发育、成熟的唯一器官细胞生成、发育、成熟的唯一器官l多能干细胞（多能干细胞（HSC）增殖的场所）增殖的场所l可生成淋巴干细胞，淋巴祖母细胞迁入胸腺，可生成淋巴干细胞，淋巴祖母细胞迁入胸腺，成为胸腺细胞成为胸腺细胞l再次应答场所再次应答场所骨髓微环境l基质细胞l免疫分子l微血管l末梢神经的免疫调节Lymph node（淋巴结）淋巴结）l分布广泛，是组成屏障的重要部分分布广泛，是组成屏障的重要部分l是是T、B淋巴细胞定居的场所淋巴细胞定居的场所l为免疫应答的场所为免疫应答的场所l具有滤过作用，可直接清除病原体及衰具有滤过作用，可直接清除病原体及衰老的红细胞老的红细胞Spleen（脾脏）脾脏）l最大的外周淋巴器官最大的外周淋巴器官l具有强大的储血功能具有强大的储血功能l免疫应答的场所免疫应答的场所Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues（MALTMALT）粘膜伴随的淋巴组织粘膜伴随的淋巴组织l分布于呼吸道、肠道、泌尿生殖道的粘分布于呼吸道、肠道、泌尿生殖道的粘膜上皮细胞下，有或无包膜膜上皮细胞下，有或无包膜l包括扁桃体、阑尾、派氏淋巴结等包括扁桃体、阑尾、派氏淋巴结等l与局部免疫防御有关与局部免疫防御有关黏膜滤泡膜细胞简称膜细胞简称M细胞细胞-活化的吞噬细胞活化的吞噬细胞l非特异性吞噬抗原非特异性吞噬抗原l抗原物质进入抗原物质进入M细胞的口袋内经树突状细胞运细胞的口袋内经树突状细胞运至淋巴组织，引发黏膜免疫应答。至淋巴组织，引发黏膜免疫应答。MALT的功能及其特点的功能及其特点l黏膜局部防御功能：屏障作用和局部免黏膜局部防御功能：屏障作用和局部免疫应答疫应答l产生分泌型产生分泌型IgAl参与口服抗原介导的免疫耐受参与口服抗原介导的免疫耐受四、三级淋巴组织四、三级淋巴组织l皮肤相关淋巴组织皮肤相关淋巴组织l表皮层包括角质形成细胞、郎汉氏细胞及上皮表皮层包括角质形成细胞、郎汉氏细胞及上皮内淋巴细胞内淋巴细胞l真皮层有活化的真皮层有活化的T细胞、记忆细胞及巨噬细胞细胞、记忆细胞及巨噬细胞和肥大细胞和肥大细胞淋巴归巢与再循环淋巴归巢与再循环l成熟淋巴细胞离开中枢免疫器官后，经血液循环成熟淋巴细胞离开中枢免疫器官后，经血液循环趋向性迁移并定居于外周免疫器官或组织的特定趋向性迁移并定居于外周免疫器官或组织的特定区域，称为区域，称为淋巴细胞归巢淋巴细胞归巢。l淋巴细胞在血液、淋巴液、淋巴器官或组织间反淋巴细胞在血液、淋巴液、淋巴器官或组织间反复循环的过程称为复循环的过程称为淋巴细胞再循环淋巴细胞再循环。淋巴再循环淋巴再循环l使免疫细胞可进入各组织，且分布更合理使免疫细胞可进入各组织，且分布更合理l以利于细胞识别、捕获抗原以利于细胞识别、捕获抗原l淋巴细胞归巢，产生应答淋巴细胞归巢，产生应答l扩大免疫效应扩大免疫效应Paracortical(T cell)area5.Medullary cords (Macrophage&plasma cell area)Medullary sinus6.Efferent lymphatic vesselArteryVein4.Germinal centre (site of intense B cell proliferation)3.Secondary lymphoid follicle2.Primary Lymphoid follicle(B cell area)1.Afferent lymphatic vessel.Lymph,Cells&Ag drained from tissues enters hereLymph nodeRed pulpMarginal zoneMarginal sinusB cell coronaGerminal centreT cell areaCentral arterioleSpleen white pulpTransverse sectionlAlloftheorganizedanddiffuselymphoidtissuesfoundinsubmucosalregionsofthebodycanbeviewesasasinglefunctionalunit,calledtheMucosal-associated lymphoid tissues(MALT)Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues(MALT)lTonsillPeyerspatcheslvermiformappendixSummarylFamiliarwiththeconceptandfeaturesofinnateandadaptiveimmuneresponselFamiliarwiththecomponentoftheimmunesystemlRecognisethefunctionsoftheimmuneorgansBytheendofthissessionyoushouldbe:Important pointslWhatistheinnateimmuneresponse?lWhatistheadaptiveimmuneresponse?lWhatisthedifferencebetweenthetwotypesoftheimmuneresponse?lWhatistheimmunesystemcomposedof?lWhatarethefunctionsoftheimmuneorgans?Next sessionANTIBODY