高中英语定语从句讲解及练习较全面.doc

高中英语定语从句讲解及练习
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。
2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.
3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于\"介词+ which\"结构，因此常常和\"介词+ which\"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which h） one must yield.　
Beijing is the place where（in which h） I was born.　
Is this the reason why （for which h） he refused our offer?　
2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和\"介+which\"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.　
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago.
18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
　 判断改错：
　 （ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
　 （ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
　 （ ） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
　 （ ） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
　 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one

　　18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
18.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的\"介词+关系词\"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
　 Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?ur club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句
　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one\'s health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题　
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it　 B. that　 C. which　　D. he
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what　B. which　C. that　D. it
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that　B. which　　C. as　 D. it

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
as 的用法
例1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如：
　　 I have got into the same trouble as he （has）.
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有\'正如\'。例如：
　　 As we know, smoking is harmful to one\'s health. 。
　　 As is known, smoking is harmful to one\'s health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
18.9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
　　 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。
例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
　　 b） 介词后不能用。
例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.
　　 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
　　 a）　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
　　 b）　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which.
　　 c）　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　
　　 d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
　　 e）　先行词既有人，又有物时。
例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
二、关于非限制性定语从句
1. 引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词which可以与that互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
　　例1She heard a terrible noise, 　______ frightened her.
　　A. that B. which C. what D. who
　　例2She heard a terrible noise ______ frightened her.
　　A. that B. / C. what D. who
　　解析： 例1意为：“她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她感到恐惧。”that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。例2意为：“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导,故选A。
2. 先行词为reason时，限制性定语可以用why或for which来引导；非限制性定语从句则只能用for which来引导。
　　例3I had told them the reason, ______ I didn’t attend the meeting.
　　A. for which B. at which 　C. for whom D. why
　　例4I had told them the reason ______ I didn’t attend the meeting.
　　A. when B. which 　 C. why D. for that
　　解析： 例3意为：“我早已把理由告诉他们，于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reason时，非限制性定语从句应用for which引导，故选A。例4意为：“我已经把为什么没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。”the reason why...是常见搭配，答案为C。
3. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。
　　例5He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,______ he loved and respected as his own mother.
　　A. as B. which 　 C. / D. whom
　　解析： 本句意为：“他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。”关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语，不能被省略，故选D。
　　4．引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom就不能用who替换。
　　例6Do you know Tom, _____ we talked about?
　　A. which B. that C. whom D. who
　　例7The American journalist ______ the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which of the following is wrong?
　　A. who B. whom 　　C. whose D. /
　　解析： 例6意为：“你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。”应选C。例7意为：“播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害。下列哪一项是错误的？”关系代词作mentioned的宾语且指人时，可用who/whom/that，在限制性定语从句中可省略，故C是错的。
　　5．当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，其关系代词只能用as ，不能用which。此时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。
　　例8______ I expected, he didn’t believe me.
　　A. Which B. As 　　 C. That D. When
　　解析： 本句意为：“正如我所预料的那样，他不相信我的话。”非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，应用as引导，故答案为B。
　　例9Mary was late for school,______ often happened.
　　A. as B. for which 　　C. that D. why
　　解析： 本句意为：“玛丽上学迟到了，这是常有的事。”根据句意，关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的主句，其位置非常灵活，故答案为A。
　　6. 由“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句时，不能用as，只能用which。
　　例10He bought the car for more than $20,000,______ his father was angry.
　　A. about that B. with as 　　 C. when D. with which
　　解析： 本句意为：“他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。”which位于介词with的后面，指代前面的主句，故答案为D。
三、关于“介词+关系代词”
由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体中，这儿的关系代词主要是which和whom，介词的选用要根据句意或一些固定搭配来确定。
　　“介词+关系代词”(关系代词一般指的是which/whom)引导的定语从句，有以下几种情况:
1.“介词+which”在定语从句中作时间､地点､原因状语，相当于关系副词。如:
　　(1)This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company. 这就是他离开公司的原因。
　　(2)He will never forget the day on which (=when) he went there. 他永远忘不了去那儿的那一天。
　　(3)Is this company the one in which (=where) you worked half a year ago?
2.“介词+which/whom”在定语从句中作目的､方式状语。如:
　　(1)Can you tell me for whom you are working? 你能告诉我你现在为谁工作吗?
　　(2)There is a big hole on the wall through which he can see what’s happening inside.
　　(3)The train by which he is travelling is arriving. 他乘坐的那辆火车就要到了。
　　(4)In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街上，没有一个人她可以求助。
3.“不定代词､数词或名词+of which/whom”在定语从句中充当主语。如:
　　(1)There are sixty students in our class， all of whom are working hard.
(2)He paid the boy ten yuan for cleaning the windows，most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
4.“形容词最高级+介词+关系代词”在定语从句中充当主语。如:
　　(1)There are sixty students in the class， the tallest of whom is Li Ming.
(2)There are seven continents in the world， the largest of which is Asia. 全球有七大洲，最大的是亚洲。
5.“the+n.+of+which”引导的定语从句，相当于whose引导的定语从句。如:
　　(1)We took a photo of a rocket， the length of which was about 30 meters.
=We took a photo of a rocket， whose length was about 30 meters. 我们给火箭拍了照，火箭大约长30米。
　　(2)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase， the price of which was very reasonable.
=Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，whose price was very reasonable.
　　 最近我买了一个中国古代花瓶，价格非常合理。
6.“介词+whose”修饰后面的名词。如:
　　He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost money.
他就是那个我在他的口袋里找出我丢掉的钱的人。
7.“介词+which+不定式”此结构相当于一个简化了的定语从句。如:
　　(1)He found something about which to write(=he could write). 他发现有些事是可以写的。
　　(2)The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.
这个穷人没有房子住。
8.介词的选用要根据句意或一些固定搭配决定。其中的介词可以是in， on， about， from， for， with， at， of， without， to。如:
　　(1)Galilia built a telescope through which he could study the sky.
　　 伽利略建起了望远镜，通过望远镜他可以研究天空。
　　(2)The cloth of which this coat is made is produced in Shanghai. 这件外套的布料是由上海制造的。
　　(3)He wrote many articles in which he expressed his love for his
　　 motherland. 他写了许多文章，在文章中他表达了对祖国的热爱。
但有些含介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如:listen to， depend on， take care of， pay attention to， look at等。
　　This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 这就是那个她照顾的非常好的男孩。
　　That is a problem we should pay close attention to. 这是一个我们应该密切关注的问题。

练习：
① in China，the spring festival is a good holiday when family members get together
①句是由___引导的___定语从句，先行词为___.可译为：在中国，春节是一个家人团聚的隆重节日
②the old couple has a son who works in a big company
②句是由__引导的____定语从句,先行词为___，此处，who可以用that代替。可译为：这对老夫妇有一个在大公司工作的儿子。
③the old couple has a son， who works in a big company
③句是由__引导的____定语从句,先行词为___，此处，who可以用that代替。可译为：这对老夫妇有儿子，他是在一家大公司工作
④ i prefer to buy the house which has a big study。
④句是由___引导的___定语从句，先行词___，此处which可替换为___。可译为：我宁愿买哪套带一间大书房的房子。
⑤ i prefer to buy the house ，which has a big study。
⑤句是由___引导的___定语从句，先行词___，此处which不能用that替换。可译为：我想买那套房子，它有一个大书房
⑥the boy is often sleepy in class ，which makes the teacher surprised 。
⑥句是由___引导的___定语从句，其中which指代____。
⑦bin laden was killed，as is known to the world
⑦句是由___引导的___定语从句，as 指代___
⑧as is known to the world ，bin leaden was killed 。
⑧句是由___引导的___定语从句，as指代___,位置可放在____。
⑥⑦⑧句中，which，as 均不能用that代替

1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A.that B.which C.for which D.who
33.That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your fac