(Catford)A-Linguistic-Theory-of-Translation(周骄俪).doc
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1、J. C. Catford. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.A Linguistic Theory of TranslationJ. C. Catford 1 General Linguistic Theory1.0 (p1) General Linguistics is, primarily, a theory about how languages work.Language is a type of patterned human behavior. It is a wa
2、y, perhaps the most important way, in which human beings interact in social situations. Language-behavior is externalized or manifested in some kind of bodily activity on the part of a performer, and presupposes the existence of at least one other human participant in the situation, an addressee. (p
3、2) Language is patterned behavior. It is, indeed, the pattern which is the language. On any given occasion, the particular vocal movements and the resultant sound-waves can be described with a delicacy, or depth of detail, limited only by the delicacy of the apparatus used for observation and analys
4、is. And the precise quality of these vocal movements and sound-waves will be found to differ on different occasions, even when the speaker is saying the same thing. From the linguistic point of view, the important thing is that, on each occasion of saying the same thing the vocal activities of the s
5、peaker conform to the same pattern.The overt language-behavior described above is causally related to various other features of the situation in which it occurs. There are specific objects, events, relations and so on, in the situation, which lead the performer to produce these particular vocal move
6、ments, and no others. The precise nature of the situational features which are relatable to the performers linguistic behavior will be found to differ on different occasions, even when he is saying the same thing.Form the linguistic point of view, however, the important thing again is that, in each
7、case, the situational features which lead to the same utterance conform to the same general pattern.Language then is an activity which may be said to impinge on the world at large at two ends. On the one hand, it is manifested in specific kinds of overt behavior (e.g. vocal movements): on the other
8、hand, it is related to specific objects, events, etc. in situation. Both of thesevocal movements, and actual events, etc.are outside of language itself. They are extralinguistic events. They are the phonic substance in which vocal activity is manifested, and the situation (or situation substance) to
9、 which this activity is related. The language itself is, however, the organization or patterning which language-behavior implicitly imposes on these two kinds of substancelanguage is form, not substance.1.2 (p3) in order to account for language-events we make abstractions from these events: abstract
10、ions of various types, or at a series of levels.1.21 We distinguish, first, the levels of medium-substance (phonic substance, for the spoken medium, and graphic substance for the written medium), and situation (or situation substance), both of which are, in fact, extralinguistic. The internal levels
11、 of language are those of medium-formphonology and graphology, arrived at by a process of abstraction from phonic and graphic substance, and the differently abstracted levels, which Halliday calls the formal levelsgrammar and lexis.The relationship between (the units of) grammar/lexis and situation
12、(substance) is that of contextual meaning, or context. (p4) The relationship between (the units of) phonology and phonetic substance has no generally recognized name, though phonetic meaning might be suggested. The relationship between graphology and graphic substance might likewise be called graphe
13、tic meaning. Context is the interlevel relating grammar/lexis and situation, indicated by the dashed line on the right of the above diagram.1.22 The levels at which we make abstractions from language-events are thus the following:1.221 Grammatical/lexical form (i) Grammar: the level of linguistic fo
14、rm at which operate closed systems: the characteristics of a closed system being: (1) the number of terms is finite; (2) each term is exclusive of the other; (3) any change in the number of terms would change the values (or formal meanings) of the other terms (e.g. systems of pronouns, of deictics,
15、of number, of case, of tenseetc.) (ii) Lexis: the level of linguistic form at which operates open sets (e.g. the open sets of items often occurring as examples or exponents of nouns, verbs, etc.)1.222 Medium form(i) Phonology: the formal units into which phonic substance is organized, and which oper
16、ate, usually in combination, as the exponents of grammatical/lexical forms.(ii)Graphology: the formal units into which graphic substance is organized, and which operate, usually in combination, as the exponents of grammatical/lexical forms.1.223 Medium Substance (i) Phonic substance: actual vocal so
17、undsthe substance in which phonology is manifested. (ii)Graphic substance: actual visible marksthe substance in which graphology is manifested.Both types of medium substance have a certain patterning or organization imposed upon them by medium-form.1.224 Situation (or situation substance). All those
18、 features of situations, excluding medium substance, which are related or relatable to language-behavior. Situation substance has a certain organization imposed upon it by grammatical/lexical form.1.23 (p5) In addition, we must consider the interlevel of context (or contextual meaning): the interlev
19、el of statements about the distinctive features of situation-substance which are relatable to particular grammatical/lexical forms. As we have said above, there is another interlevel: the interlevel of statements about the distinctive features of medium substance which are relatable to medium forms.
20、 It will be clear that context or contextual meaning is what is most usually understood by meaning: in our theory, this is only one part of meaning, which also includes formal meaning which is the way any item operates in the network of formal relation.1.3 The fundamental categories of linguistic th
21、eoryapplicable at least to the levels of grammar, phonology and probably graphologyare unit, structure, class and system.1.31 By a unit we mean a stretch of language activity which is the carrier of a pattern of a particular kind. In English phonology, for example, there is a unit, the tone-group, w
22、hich is the carrier of recurrent meaningful patterns of pitch.In English grammar we have units such as sentence, clause and group: each of these is the carrier of a particular kind of meaningful grammatical pattern.1.311 (p6) The units of grammar or of phonology operate in hierarchieslarger or more
23、inclusive units being made up of smaller or less inclusive units. They form a scale of units at different ranks. Thus, the sentences quoted above each consist of two clauses. The sentence is a unit of higher rank than the clause. And each clause consists of several groupsthe clause being a unit of h
24、igher rank than the group.1.32 The unit is the category set up to account for those stretches of language-activity which carry recurrent meaningful patterns. The patterns themselves still have to be accounted forand these are what we call structures. A structure is an arrangement of elements. Thus,
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