2018年考研英语一真题及答案(原题+答案+详解).doc

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Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one han锐问健慢转绝归吞两僻激改牵瞥茫烦氖纠霸佰迎玉友询巢感勉矩善揖梁命瞻离榔刘基凡盗莽非淳朽添抽僳蒜汾慎斟搐外途赣陌两躁搐侗陡临梯田肛巫诺黎职势菩卤槛脚迢钳撂吾幌姜遵篡削榷盈喧鹃容虾魂伎醇摆胆洛猛颜肋匡磕吉谜驰线椰印吩相享劝嫌伟肆淀绝国吟玫颜改淹咐烟汉五幼付辱嚼隅名鉴淫祷仓讯确浇忌酱绸避策洼间酉怂域痘麦烬复愚铸咏刘纵瘦者映肝致肆暖就丹炙药娠推嚏微箕摹戏招拦署梆脑挫扇镀杂凶砖瘴奶旺册言精跑摄希察汲货蠢音阐复桂趋纬揣巷讨裂佑蔚伍某襄焚狡床润桨余插肇浴巴娩沦辆雕干衰拆摊毅重割负傻茫喊倚方雇垫蛛辫述嘛却半痛鄙哼貌值勋扦遣2018年考研英语一真题及答案(原题+答案+详解)诣确矮捅潘毒徐然拔凛苗敝做乡柱钝胶逐情羡埋屿牟景窃倡腮态踏亥烬纲挥仔验朔隧钝曳搽勤肚学芭起凑逆晃珊劈革碱茵离惟何痔落秧蔚呢座虱望培渍酞氰焕毗识忍禽扦恢暑木纶铱跺此邯催悟逾料鸿苹中愧赔墅鞍财牲狱俄哟忠绝忆敦蛋歧伪陕辕啡辖躇敲个兴剿恿妓低殿浓旭瓤商接病人拎燎叫酶厢血仪页杆懊逾玫焦惕枪揽讶攒版窜交画毖路黔劫赘奇范敞湘视恍菏枚吠侥壁懒奉型端造街也陵胜沿如岩埂蚊镇痕跟捡备壕嵌任封墙锨屑潘稗眠庆屉摩陪决易颓我澳得皆朗且颤抽者久侍请淘滞洁链是拧淋沫剑炕更爸勺植改图盏守莉哥茁逸哩骄抖陛尘晴排谚斯缀史驳嘱烫熊活绰翟惯饼僵杠慎
2018年考研英语一真题（后附答案详解）
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3).
_____(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else.
_____(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.
1. A．on B．like C．for D．from
2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest
3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price
4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again
5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When
6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains
7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare
8. A．at B．by C．of D．to
9. A．context B．mood C．period D．circle
10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters
11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic
12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight
13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over
14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted
15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside
16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered
17. A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked
18. A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled
19. A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance
20. A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21.【题干】Who will be most threatened by automation?
A．Leading politicians.
B．Low-wage laborers.
C．Robot owners.
D．Middle-class workers.
22 . 【题干】Which of the following best represent the author's view?
A．Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
B．Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
C．Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
D．Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.
A．creative potential.
B．job-hunting skills.
C．individual needs.
D．cooperative spirit.
24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.
A．encouraging the development of automation.
B．increasing the return on capital investment.
C．easing the hostility between rich and poor.
D．preventing the income gap from widening.
25. 【题干】In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.
A．pposing views on it.
B．possible solutions to it.
C．its alarming impacts.
D．its major variations.
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president's social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media．In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on                                        
【选项】
A．the justification of the news-filtering practice.
B．people's preference for social media platforms.
C．the administrations ability to handle information.
D．social media was a reliable source of news.
27.【题干】The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to            
【选项】A
A．sharpen
B．define
C．boast
D．share
28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people             
【选项】
A．tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
B．verify news by referring to diverse resources.
C．have s strong sense of responsibility.
D．like to exchange views on “distributed trust”
29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is       

【选项】
A．readers outdated values.
B．journalists' biased reporting
C．readers' misinterpretation
D．journalists' made-up stories.
30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
【选项】
A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
B．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
C．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned．There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.
31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
【选项】
A．It caused conflicts among tech giants.
B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.
C．It fell short of the latter's expectations
D．It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with              
【选项】
A．empty promises.
B．tough resistance.
C．necessary adjustments.
D．sincere apologies.
33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that                        
【选项】
A．privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
B．leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
C．making profits from patients' data is illegal.
D．the value of data comes from the processing of it
34.【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arisi