高中英语状语从句用法详解文档.doc

四维教育 状语从句用法详解在主从复合句中修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫状语从句。一般可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句。I 时间状语从句：起时间状语作用的从句。 （时间状语从句位置灵活，可以在句首，也可在句末） 常用来引导时间状语从句的引导词有：when, while, as, after, before, until/till, since, as soon as, immediately, the moment, every time, whenever等。1. when, while, as 1) when“当.的时候”，表示主从句的谓语动作同时发生或先后紧接着发生。 I was very happy when I heard from you. 收到你的信时我非常高兴。 When you deal with them, you should be cautious. 跟他们打交道时，你应该谨慎。 when引导时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以用非延续性动词，也可用延续性动词。 When I was young, I went to town myself. 当我还年轻时，我自己独自去城里。（延续性动词） When I lived in country, I used to carry some water for him. 我住在农村时，常常为他担水。（延续性动词） When he received the letter, hell tell us. 当他接到信后，他会告诉我们的。（非延续性动词） When the fire broke out, all the students were sleeping soundly. 火灾发生时，所有的学生正在熟睡。（非延续性动词）注意：当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构，而且其主语和主句的主语一致，其表 语又是一个名词时，就可以用由as引导的省略句来代替when引导的从句。如： As a young man（=When he was a young man）, he was fond of hunting. 他年轻时喜欢打猎。 2）while引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词，侧重主句 动作和从句动作相对比。 My father was preparing a report while I was playing games. 爸爸在准备一个报告，而我在玩游戏。 Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时，别高声谈话。 3）as表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生，可译为“一边.，一边.” 或“随着.”。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙回家去，一边走一边回头望。 As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer. 随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。注意：如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在 进行的动作，此时when, while与as可互换使用。 When/ While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 当我沿大街行走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 2. till, until和not. until 1）肯定句：主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句、从句都为肯定式，意为“某动作 一直延续到某时间点才停止”。 He remained there until/ till she arrived. 他在那一直等到她来。 You may stay here until/ till the rain stops. 你可以待在这里直到雨停。 2）否定句：主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某 时间才开始”。构成not.until/till，意为“直到.才”。 She didnt go to bed until I come back. 你必须留在这儿直到我回来。 Dont worry. We wont set off until you arrive. 不要担心，你到了我们再出发。 3）till不可以置于句首，而until可以。 Until you told me the news, I had no idea of it. 直到你告诉我，我才知道这个消息。 4）not.until 句型中的强调和倒装用法。 直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。 强调句型：It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. 倒装句型：Not until you told me did I have any idea of it. （not until置于句首，主句要用部分倒装结构） Not until the clock struck 12 did she realize she must go home at once. 直到钟敲了12下，她才意识到她必须马上回家了。 3. before 1）before作“没有来得及.就”“未.就”“.就.”解时，强调主句谓语动词表示 的动作发生得过早或过快。 Someone called me up in the night, but they hung up before I could answer the phone. 有人半夜给我打电话，但我还未来得及接他们就把电话挂了。 They had talked only a few minutes before they found they were quite different in opinion. 他们才谈了几分钟就发现他们的意见很不一致。 2）before作“.才.”解时，强调从句谓语动词表示的动作发生得太慢或太晚。 The bus driver almost knocked me down before he saw me. 那位公交车司机差一点把我撞倒，他才看见我。 The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters were able to control it. 大火持续了大约四个小时，消防员才把火控制住。 3）before可译为“趁”“以免”“以防”等。 Ill do it before I forgot it. 趁还没有忘，我现在就把这事做了。 Wed better finish the work in time before the boss scolds us. 我们最好按时完成工作，免得挨老板骂。 4）before可译为“（宁可.而）不愿”。 Hed die before he apologizes to them. 他宁死也不向他们道歉。 Id give up the plan before I turn to him for help.我宁可放弃计划也不向他求助。 注意：“It + be + 一段时间+ before从句”中的主句和从句的时态有两种情况： 如果主句用一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时，意为“多长时间以后某事即将发生”； It wont be long before we meet again. 不久我们就会再见的。 如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为“多长时间以后某事才发生”。 It was 3 years before he came back from abroad. 三年后他才从国外回来。 4. since 译为“自从.”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。 1）若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动 作开始的那一刻起”，这种情况比较常见。 He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。 2）若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时，则从 句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。 I havent heard any noise since I slept. 我醒后还未听到任何声音。（sleep为持续性动词，该动作结束时，即“醒来”时） He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill. 自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词） 5. as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner. than. , hardly/scarcely. when.和once（一.就） 这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译作 “一.就.”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。 The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming. 我一听到那个声音，我就知道父亲来了。 No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left. 我们一到车站，火车就离站了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 那男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。 注意：no sooner.than; hardly. when.这一结构的时态搭配： no sooner与hardly引导的句子的谓语动词应用过去完成时， 而than与when引导的句子的谓语动词应用一般过去时。 此外：当把no sooner和hardly提到句首时，应用倒装语序。 I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我一到家天就下起雨来。 6. every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引 导时间状语从句，表示“每当.；每次.；下次.”等。 Every/ Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out. 每当我处于困境，他就会来帮助我。 Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here. 下次你来的时候，一定记着把你儿子带来。 The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 上次她看见詹姆斯的时候，他正躺在床上。 7. 名词性短语充当连词引导时间状语从句 表示时间的名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句，且意义丰富，如： any time任何时候都 by the time 到.时候 every time/ each time每当.时 the frist time第一次.时 I think of the things and the people when we studied there every time I go by my mother School. 每当我经过母校时都会想起我们在那儿学习时的事情和人们。II 地点状语从句：在句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句，可置于句首、句中或句尾。 地点状语从句常用的引导词有where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere等。 Make marks where you have questions. 在有问题的地方作出标记。 You can go anywhere you like. 你可以到你想去的任何地方。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。 注意：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别 where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的词作先行词； 而状语从句前则无需用先行词。 Go back where you came from. 你从何处来回何处去。（where引导地点状语从句） Go back to the village where you came from. 回到你来的那个村子里去。（where引导定语从句，修饰village） Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.（状语从句） Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.（定语从句） where 引导的地点状语从句一般可以转化为定语从句，只要在where前加上 “to/in/from+the place/places/any place(s)等”结构即可。III 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的连词有although, though, as, even if, even though, while, whether.or., whether(.) or not, whatever, no matter what/ how/ why等。 1. though/although引导的让步状语从句 1）although和though意义相同，都意为“虽然，即使”，表示让步，一般情况下可互 换使用，区别在于although语气较重，大多置于句首。 2）though/ although引导让步状语从句时，主句若用yet或still引出，更加强调对比性， 但不可出现but。 3）though引导的从句可以把表语、状语、动词等提至句首。在as though, even though 中一般不可用although代替。同时although不可当副词用，而though则可。 Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 Short though it is, the article is very important. 那篇文章虽然很短，但很重要。注意：though还可用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。 He said he would come; he didnt, though. 他说他会来，可是没有来。 2. even though/ even if 引导的让步状语从句这两个短语表示语气更强的让步，常常意为“再退一步说”。even though更强调对“既成事实”的让步：Even though he is poor, she loves him. (= He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。even if 则强调对“假设”的让步。Even if he is poor, she loves him. (= He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。 3. as引导的让步状语从句 as引导让步状语从句时，从句中的表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词需提前至从句句首， 作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需要省去。 Child as/ though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。 Much as/ though I like it, I wont buy it, for its too expensive. 虽然我很喜欢它，但我不会买，因为它太贵了。 Try as you may, you will never succeed. 你尽管试，但你绝不会成功的。 注意：though引导的从句也可以像as引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是although引导的 从句只能用正常语序。 Smart though/ as she is, she doesnt study hard. Though she is smart, she doesnt study hard. Although she is smart, she doesnt study hard. 4. whether. or/ whether (.) or not引导的让步状语从句 whether. or/ whether (.) or not表示“不论是否”“不管是.还是”之意。该复合连词 引导的让步状语从句表示正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。 Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都必须要参加这个典礼。 Whether you believe it or not, its true. 无论你是否相信，这都是真的。 5. while引导的让步状语从句 while也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，比though/ although语气弱。while引导 的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。 While I like the color, I dont like the shape. 我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。 While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。 6. what-ever类词引导的让步状语从句在英语中，wh-ever类词可作疑问词，也可引导名词性从句，还可引导让步状语从句。 这类词在引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no matter+wh-词”，但在引导名词性从句时只能 用wh-ever类词。 Ill wait for you however (no matter how) late it is. 不管有多晚我都会等着你。 Whoever (No matter) you are, you must keep the law. 不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。 注意：“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而wh-ever类词还可以引导名词 性从句或其他状语从句。 Ill eat whatever you give me. 你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。（what引导宾语从句） Whoever comes will be welcome. 不管谁来都受到欢迎。（whoever引导主语从句）IV 原因状语从句 在主句中作原因状语的从句称为原因状语从句，可置于句首，也可置于句尾。 引导原因状语从句的常用词可分为两类：单词引导如because, as, since等，短语引导如 now that, for the reason that, in that, seeing that等。 1. because, as, since用法这三词都有“因为”之意，但用法和具体内涵各异。1） because语气最强，用以回答why引起的提问，可表示已知或未知的事实。它可和 强调词only, merely, just及否定词not连用，所引导的从句常位于主句之后，只有强 调时才置于主句之前。它还可用于强调结构。 She was afraid to move because a snake was lying beside her. 她不敢动弹，因为一条蛇就躺在她旁边。 Why did they fail? 他们为什么失败？ It was because they didnt do their best. 因为他们没尽力。 2）as语气弱，较口语化，所表达的原因比较明显，或是已知的事实，故不需要强调。 as从句之前不可用强调词和not，且不可用于强调结构，as从句多置于主句之前。 As he was in a hurry, he left his bag home. 由于他太匆忙才把包丢在家里了。 As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于这是一个公共假日，所有商店都关门了。 3）since的语气比较弱，常表示对方已知的事实，往往相当于汉语的“既然”。它和as 一样，其前亦不可用强调词和not，不可用于强调结构，since从句多置于主句之前。 Since Monday is Bobs birthday, lets give him a party. 既然星期一是鲍勃的生日，咱们举行一个宴会吧。 Since you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me? 既然你今晚没事，为什么不来和我下棋呢？ 注意：上述三个词为从属连词，而for是一个并列连词。for有时可用来作附加说明，必 须把其引起的句子放在某一句子之后。 We should be more careful, for it is already dark. 天已晚了，我们应更小心些。 2. now that的用法now that主要用于口语，表示微弱的原因，主、从句的因果关系不明显，常译为“既然”。that有时可以省略。Now that you have come, you may as well stay.既然你已经来了，最好留下来。 Now that everything is settled, I have no reason here. 既然事情办完了，我就没有理由留在这儿了。3. for the reason that的用法 that后是一个同位语从句，解释说明reason的内容。 I often go to the concert for the simple reason that I love music. 我经常去听音乐会，原因很简单，那就是我喜欢音乐。 For the reason that I havent worked hard, Ill have to cram before the coming examinations. 由于平时不努力，考试前我只好临时抱佛脚。4. in that的用法 这个短语常用于书面语中，表示“由于某种原因”。 The experiment is worth trusting in that it is based on scientific facts. 这个实验值得信赖，因为它是建立在科学事实基础上的。 I like the city, but I prefer the country in that theres fresher air. 我喜欢城市，但我更喜欢乡村，因为那里有更清新的空气。5. that后的从句 be happy that, be surprised that等中的that从句有时也被认为是原因状语从句。 Im sorry that I havent done so much as I should. 对不起我没有做我该做的那么多。 We feel proud that our country is getting stronger and stronger. 我们为我们的国家越来越强大而感到自豪。V 方式状语从句 在主句中作方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句常用的引导词有as, as if/though等。1. as引导方式状语从句。 You must do the experiment as I do. 你要像我这样做实验。 You are fine just as you are. 你现在这样子就好极了。2. as if/ though引导方式状语从句。 1）as if/ though引导的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时，通常用陈述语气；She closed her eyes as if she was tired.她闭上了眼睛好像累了。（事实，谓语用陈述语气） 2）如果从句所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观的想象或夸张性的比喻，通常用虚拟语气。（现在的情况用过去的时态，过去的情况用过去完成时。） They completely ignore these facts as if/ though they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它们从未存在过。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）注意：as if/though也可以引导一个分词短语，不定式短语或无动词短语。 He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我试的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。VI 条件状语从句 在主句中作条件状语的从句称为条件状语从句。 引导条件状语从句的常用引导词有if, unless, as/ so long as, once, in case, on condition that, supposing (that), providing (that), provided (that), given (that)等。注意：在条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时，一般过去时表示过去将来时， 现在完成时表示将来完成时。1. if引导的条件状语从句 if是引导条件状语从句最常用的连词，表示在某种条件下很可能发生某事。 If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam, you will let him down. 如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。2. unless引导的条件状语从句 unless意为“除非，若不”。 You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. 除非你早点动身，否则你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game will be played. 除非下雨，否则比赛将照常进行。3. on condition (that) 引导的条件状语从句 on condition (that) 引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件，意为“在. 条件下”。 I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep it a secret. 我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。 I will do it on condition that you help me. 只要你肯帮助我，我就愿意做此事。4. supposing/ provided等引导的条件状语从句 supposing/ proving/ provided/ given (that)可以用作连词，意为“如果”，引导的条件从句表 示一种假设条件。 Supposing (that) it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting? 倘若下雨，我们的运动会还要继续进行吗？ Providing/ Supposing/ Given/ Provided (that) you promise not to tell anyone else, Ill tell you The details. 只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把细节告诉你。5. in case引导的条件状语从句 in case引导的条件状语从句常放在主句前，表示“如果，假使”。 In case he comes, tell him to wait a while. 如果他来了，让他等一下。 In case anything important happens, please call me up. 万一发生什么重要事情，请给我打电话。6. as/ so long as引导的条件状语从句 as/ so long as 意思是“只要”。 So long as youre happy, it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。 As/ So long as we dont lose heart, well overcome any difficulty. 只要我们不灰心，我们就会克服一切困难。7. once引导的条件状语从句 once是从属连词，引导条件状语从句，意为“一旦，一.就”，从句可置于主句前或后。 Once virtue is lost, all is lost. 一旦道德丢失了，什么都丢失了。 Once you show any fear, the dog will attack you. 一旦你露出怯意，这条狗就会扑向你。VII 目的状语从句在主句中作目的状语的从句称为目的状语从句。常用来引导目的状语从句的有so, so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), for the purpose that, lest等。 1. in order that, so that 引导的目的状语从句 两个连词都意为“以便.；为了.