高中英语语法知识点.doc

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一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains.
   A. which was    B. it was    C. which were    D. them were
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。
【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：
(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops.
    A. which is     B. it is     C. which are    D. them are
(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station.
    A. which are    B. it is    C. which is    D. them are
(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.
    A. which are    B. it is    C. which is    D. them are
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”
   A. that    B. which    C. where    D. what
【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？
3. David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like.  A. that    B. who    C. as    D. whom
【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such … that …句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。
【分析】最佳答案为C，不是A，因为在such … that … (如此……以至……)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such … that …，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C的理由如下：as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为“所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A，因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him：
David is such a good boy _________ all the teachers like him. A. that    B. who    C. as    D. whom
请再做以下试题（答案选D）：
It was not such a good dinner _________ she had promised us. A. like    B. that    C. which    D. as
4. The buses, most of _________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
    A. that    B. it    C. them    D. which
【陷阱】容易误选 C，用 them 代指 the buses。
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D：
(1) His house, for _________ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.  A. that    B. it    C. them    D. which
(2) Ashdown forest, through _________ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.
   A. that    B. it    C. them    D. which
(3) This I did at nine o’clock, after _________ I sat reading the paper.   A. that    B. it    C. them    D. which
类似地，以下各题选 whom，不选 them：
(4) George, with _________ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.
    A. that    B. him    C. them    D. whom
(5) Her sons, both of _________ work abroad, will come back home this summer.
    A. that    B. who    C. them    D. whom
(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _________ were still university students.
    A. that    B. who    C. them    D. whom
5. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _________ invited to his wedding.
   A. whom    B. them    C. which    D. who
【陷阱】容易误选 A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是B，这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited 并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在 invited 前加上助动词 were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A。比较：
(1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ carried out in their work.
    A. which    B. them    C. what    D. that
答案选B，none of them carried out in their work 是独立主格结构，其中的 carried out 为过去分词。
(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _________ were carried out in their work.
    A. which    B. them    C. what    D. that
答案选A，none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。
(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _________ were carried out in their work.
    A. which    B. them    C. what    D. that
答案选B，由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but，使得该句成了一个并列句。
6. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.
   A. their    B. whose    C. which    D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以下相似题：
(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were seated together joking.
    A. their    B. whose    C. which    D. that
选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated。
(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _________ parents were seated together joking.    A. their    B. whose    C. which    D. that
选A。因为句中有并列连词and，整个句子为并列句。
(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sitting together joking.
    A. their    B. whose    C. which    D. that
选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。
(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents sat together joking.
    A. their    B. whose    C. which    D. that
选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 sat。
(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents were sitting together joking.
    A. their    B. whose    C. which    D. that
选B。whose parents were sitting together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。
7. If the man is only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.
    A. as    B. which    C. what    D. that
【陷阱】容易误选A或B，误这是非限制性定语从句。
【分析】正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that，而不选 which：
(1) If you promise to go with us, _________ will be OK.   A. as    B. which    C. and it    D. that
(2) If you want a double room, _________ will cost another ￡15.    A. as    B. which    C. what    D. that
(3) Whether you go or not, _________ is quite all right with me.    A. that    B. which    C. and it    D. so
(4) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating.   A. as    B. which    C. what    D. that
二、常见名词考点透析
一、单、复数名词的正确使用
　　[例] They have all sorts of course. (2006陕西高考·改错 )
　　[析] 英语中，名词有单数、复数或不可数的形式。本题中的course是可数名词，意指“课程”，故应用复数形式courses。
二、仅以复数形式出现的名词
　　[例] Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! (2000安徽春考·改错)
　　[析] Many happy returns of the day! 是一句固定的生日祝语，相当于汉语的“祝你年年有今日，岁岁有今朝!”returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。
　　除这一结构外，像shake hands with (= shake sb’s hand), make friends with和change seats / trains / buses等常用的结构，及thanks, cheers, congratulations, things(情况), affairs, feelings, as follows(如下), in tears, in ruins, in pieces, in chains(被囚禁), in high spirits, in one’s teens / twenties, in the 1990’s (或in the 1990s), into halves, good manners, give one’s regards / best wishes to, make contributions to, make preparations for等，也都是常用或只用复数的名词式。
三、纯粹不可数名词的使用
　　[例] I’m glad you have made such a great progress that... (2006江西高考·改错)
　　[析] 在英语中，有些名词, 如advice(建议), news, information, fun, weather, progress, homework, housework等，无论在什么情况下都是不可数的，所以这些词没有复数形式，也不可把其与不定冠词连用。可见，such a great progress 使用有误(须改为such great progress)。再例： She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when she smelt something burning. (2004高考福建卷·改错)由于homework为不可数名词，所以，作业再多，也无复数。
四、转义名词的考查热点
　　[例] When you finish reading the book, you will have ______ better understanding of ______ life
　　A. a; the        B. the; a C. 不填; the     D. a; 不填
[析] 本题旨在考查考生对understanding和life这两个名词可数性的界定：understanding已为转义用法，life在此泛指“人生”，是不可数名词，故而便可正确选用冠词。
　　转义名词主要分为两类：①把抽象意义转化为具体意义，因而赋予其可数功能;②把具体意义的名词抽象化，从而赋予其不可数性。
　　转义名词一直是高考测试的热点。其考查主要出现在单项和短文改错题中。其常考热点如下：
　　(1)抽象转具体： pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人 / 物”。如： The meeting is a success.
　　(2)抽象转具体： worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等，指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时，有其单、复数形式。如：There have been strong winds over the last two months.
　　(3)抽象转具体： a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如： He has a good practical knowledge of computer science
(4)具体转抽象： school, college, hospital, court, prison, bed, table, church等，都是可数名词，可以有具体的意义，如a school, three schools。再例如：
　　When you come here for your holiday next time, don't go to _____ hotel; I can find you _____ bed in my flat.
　　A. the; a      B. the; 不填　C. a; the      D. a; 不填
　　但是，在不用冠词、不用复数，而只突出与之有关的活动时，它们便失去了具体意义。如： go to school, at table等。 再例如：
　　When he left ______ college, he got a job as ______ reporter in a newspaper office.
　　A. 不填; a      B. 不填; the C. a; the       D. the; the
　　(5)具体转抽象： day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色时，表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如： Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.
五、名词与形容词定语的区别
　　[例] There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.(2004全国高考III·改错)
　　[析] 形容词和名词都可作定语，但有时含义有别，有时则出现错误。如可说a golden medal(一块镀金奖牌/一块金色的奖牌)，也可以说a gold medal (一块金牌); 但可说a chemistry teacher(化学老师)，而不可说a chemical teacher(化学原料做的老师?)，但可说a chemical works(一家化工厂)。据此可见，此题中的“个人信息”不应用person information表达。
　　另应注意，除man, woman常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)”式，及一些特殊词，如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等以外，用作修饰词的名词，一般都要用单数式。如： a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。
六、与动词或介词构成的固定搭配
　　[例] It is said that dogs will keep you _____ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.
　　A. safety     B. company　C. house      D. friend
[析] 无论是动宾结构还是介宾结构，有时名词虽然近义，但却不能主观臆断，而要选择固定的搭配式。本题的keep sb company就是一个典型的固定搭配式，意为“与……为伴”。
七、名词搭配的语境限定
　　[例] You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ________. (2006广东高考)
　　A. date        B. shape　C. order       D. balance
　　[析] out of date 意为“过期，不时髦”;out of shape意思是“不成形的”;out of order就是in disorder，意为“乱七八糟的”。搭配并无问题，而意义决定了B是正确答案。
八、名词的同、近义词辨析
　　[例] I’m sure David will be able to find the library—he has a pretty good ______ of direction.
　　A. idea         B. feeling 　C. experience   D. sense
　　[析] 名词的同、近义词辨析，不仅仅较多地应用于书面表达，而且还可以较为灵活地设题于单项填空、完形填空或短文改错题中。本题的四个近义词选项中，sense的“意识”性更强，因而答案选D。
常易设题的同、近义名词有如下各组：
　　(1)cause, reason, excuse, explanation;　 (2)family, home, house, room, space;
　　(3)sign, signal, mark, example, symbol;　(4)award, reward, prize, money;
　　(5)value, price, cost, charge; (6)kind, sort, type, variety;
　　(7)range, reach, distance, length; (8)news, word, message, information, notice;
　　(9)energy, force, strength, power; (10)accident, incident, affair, event, business, matter;
　　(11)practice, training, exercise, drill;
三、从高考题看情态动词的用法
最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。
一、用“情态动词＋have ＋done”结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 “对立统一”来概括。
1．当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有：
must have done： 表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can't／couldn't have done 疑问式为Can／Could...have done？。
could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作“可能做了……”。如：
1) Sorry I'm late． I ＿＿＿＿＿ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again．
   A． might B． should C． can D． will
该题前句说明了结果，后句接着说出了产生这种结果的可能性，对前句进行补充说明。分析选项可知本题应选A。
2) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿ your lecture． 
   A．couldn't have attended   B．needn't have attended    C．mustn't have attended   D．shouldn't have attended
    该题前句叙说一个客观事实，后句对前句进行补充说明，分析选项可知C是错误的; 而B、D两项不符合题意。故本题选A。又如：
   Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me．
   A．mustn't have arrived    B．shouldn't have arrived C．can't have arrived   D．need not have arrived （C）
2．当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有：
   should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。
   should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。
   need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。
   need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如：
3) I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word．
   A．mustn't leave         B．shouldn't have left      C．couldn't have left    D．needn't leave
   分析该题前后句之间的关系和语气可知，事实上是 “本不应该离家出走却走了”，故本题选B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her． (NMET'94)
   A．had to write it out    B．must have written it out   C．should have written it out D．ought to write it out
   由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。
二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义，并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。
5) —Is John coming by train？ —He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car．
   A．must    B．can    C．need    D．may
mustn't 表示“禁止、不准”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。
6) —I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins．＿＿＿ I have a look？
   —Yes, certainly． A．Do      B．May     C． Shall     D．Should
   分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可，may表示“允许、可以”，语气比较委婉 shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示，如果此空用shall，则意为“要（我）看一下吗？”，不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything． How ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？
   A．can B．should C．may D．must
must be 表示肯定的猜测，只能用于肯定句中，由题意可知本题应选A。
8) —Are you coming to Jeff's party？   —I'm not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead．
   A．must     B．would      C．should      D．might
   由题意和下句中的 “I'm not sure” 可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测，might可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断，故本题选D。又如：
   I should have been there, but I ＿＿＿＿＿ not find the time．
   A．would     B．could      C．might     D．should
   分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力；C 项只表示语气上的可能性，与题意不符。故本题选B。
9) Johnny, you ＿＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself．
   A．won't; can't       B．mustn't; may   C．shouldn't; must    D．can't; shouldn't
mustn't 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性，故本题选B。
10) —Will you stay for lunch?     —Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿＿． My brother is coming to see me．
    A．I mustn't    B．I can't    C．I needn't    D．I won't
    分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝。A 项表示“禁止”；C项表示“不必要”；而D项表示“不会”，均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如：
    —Could I borrow your dictionary？ —Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿．
    A．might    B．will     C．can    D．should (C)
11)—When can I come for the photos？ I need them tomorrow afternoon．—They ＿＿be ready by 1200．
   A．can     B．should      C．might      D．need
该题考查情态动词should的基本含义，分析句意可知本题应选B。又如：
   The old man is always hunting the lions, so terrible things ＿＿＿＿ happen to him．
   A．might     B．would      C．should       D． could  C
12)The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out．
   A．had to      B．would       C．could      D．was able to
   该题考查了could和be able to的区别，二者都可表示过去时间的能力，但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本题选D。
13)—Shall I tell John about it？ —No, you ＿＿＿．I've told him already．
   A．needn't    B．wouldn't     C．mustn't     D．shouldn't
   情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 “没有必要了”，故本题选A。
四、b