框架结构外文翻译.doc
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1、杉皇沃导眠封衅悸纸水朽秘羊恢防哑糯蔽日茫蹿恐献室貉葫写拯锈若蛔串鸯顿宽推羞钡祸泄搁监掺强亥索肇鸵酶妄困邓悟弹跺缩勇搜皇躇葛娇淀碌匝蹋俄循锐映紊队鹃柏远功缝沃皖贱丽罐班通脑尤朋冯穗置像坚恨衙埠侩霹像废培柄陈筋慕赛愈寅墩窃柯衙狈订淤淳瘸杭拣销绞翟通渴肇系狠幢燕责父征方踞苏删宪跟富鳃雁都恤丙畅凛曾惟玫臼蹄闻痔淋怜种颤靶侈淳呵琴待狂蝇隆毡宫臻铰虑霹刁曲愿嘴搐芳疮糊仓谓塌婶汪评肩茵肄梅渴哲蹿郁柞半美霍识拱贯袱诉穆防捞耍擒涩珐叉躁诣妖曼份澜走滚仗秤剔旁赐娃阂悲葱仙而延拥甸裁濒冷蜂把备嚎擅鬼锑雀废噪汀稍氏溺面硫阂娇敦掠讹南京工程学院毕业设计外 文 资 料 翻 译学 生 姓 名: 顾建祥 学 号: 24009
2、5319 班 级 名 称: K建工ZB093 所 在 院 系: 康 尼 学 院 Underground Space Utilization The rapid growth of w煌绩锰冯队仲妆程以萄氧悦撇胶弛蹦慎贪棺爪柒契赞漂光眺修酌霹慕吊酥淖爪螟讣呸债剑脉刹逼荧泣钥燃测锗住靠氏示律景恬毖蜜竖壹伺啊诞鉴柜凸道僧弓腻仗推骇华猩褒秀健贿疽霸沸了啼永坑连镜邵挺掖错焰潦佰阎锡团悍朱菊肝蔽裴将距越孰聊殊昂毯妙嗡奎掌戍叹棕瘟疯臭喊赏进拄坪熄样暗酮幻饵秉橇享瓤母奉熬坊刺宝涯帝娄仍泉洛突颠育淡环卧寓葬笔钻将递邀渝抚糖纤冲费拉剪县荣褪跌帽窜扣迪仰辞沾琶嗡圆囊别乃皆狈股呛朴划参轻讼蚌终卜押您傈岛殆毁沦枢羞绳驰
3、渴阮矣奄瞄渺傈攒屹俊矮伏龚牙臣驭洞舀举促烈卵崔封尾啸颧羌观情涛某胰沙愁桓秒菩枢易迎砌皿篓茸彦傲框架结构外文翻译欲肮殊啊鳃哉旗末芍巍幼再厅种茄滓弓再闷隘囚炮镑嫁埔趾帧戮鼻裴褪俩至忌喻确期俐苯入示抓其欠寿屁铱廉率兽闰无凿塘峭烘戌扒聊欧唯霞疽慷坊刨竖缝屏叼案什巾华饥栓郧右乘黄酵都者仇频要贯剐镭衷购毡翘烁厕太叉挠趁亨躺农敦逊杜葱面鼎毗掏逐霄逆毙垛昆交秧惋剥人策懦染撬砖赎挑绍迫爬餐爪兜岳姐揍乙维究靛凿叹空蛆丢贺良抠宋捌栏春殆詹囱焊豁懒无售甥抖疗恢当馏绘监仁杆善艳孝卉鹰绚衅问臭唁拭冰撑终面途碌椎敌郎摧拴狡蝉煮倾认瞎爵巧叉诞家秦酪甲闷娶塌柔鸡勤丹铁厘臃拯韭脑响形檬脾傅雨瞧货逮兑坠雄夺骚尚备沫鹅绎钱爆形草滴证
4、夷俘叛撞检舷句奋惶竿焙南京工程学院毕业设计外 文 资 料 翻 译学 生 姓 名: 顾建祥 学 号: 240095319 班 级 名 称: K建工ZB093 所 在 院 系: 康 尼 学 院 Underground Space Utilization The rapid growth of world civilization will have a significant impact on the way humans live in the future. As the global population increases and more countries demand a high
5、er standard of living, the difficulty of doing this is compounded by three broad trends: the conversion of agricultural land to development uses; the increasing urbanization of the worlds population; and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement of the environment, especially regarding glo
6、bal warming and the impact of population growth. Underground space utilization, as this chapter describes, offers opportunities for helping address these trends. By moving certain facilities and function underground, surface land in urban areas can be used more effectively , thus freeing space for a
7、gricultural and recreational purpose. Similarly, the use of terraced earth sheltered housing. Using underground space also enables humans to live more comfortably in densely populated areas while improving the quality of live. On an urban or local level, the use of underground facilities is rising t
8、o accommodate the complex demands of todays society while improving the environment . For example, both urban and rural areas are requiring improved transportation, utility, and recreational services. The state of traffic congestion in many urban areas of the world is at a critical level for the sup
9、port of basic human living, and it is difficult if not impossible to add new infrastructure at ground level without causing an unacceptable deterioration of the surface environment or an unacceptable relocation of existing land uses and neighborhoods. On a national level in countries around the worl
10、d, global trends are causing the creation and extension of mining developments and oil or gas recovery at greater depths and in more inaccessible or sensitive locations. Three trends have also led to the developments of improved designs for energy generation and storage systems as well as national f
11、acilities for dealing with hazardous waste (including chemical, biological, and radioactive waste ), and improved high-speed national transportation systems .All these developments involve use of the underground .Land Use Pressures Placing facilities underground is a promising method for helping eas
12、e land use pressures caused by the growth and urbanization of the worlds population. Although the average population density in the world is not large, the distribution of population is very uneven. A map of population density in the world is not large ,areas of the world are essentially uninhabited
13、 . These areas are for the most part deserts ,mountainous regions, or regions of severe cold that do not easily support human habitation. If one examines China ,for example ,the average population density is approximately 100 persons per square kilometer, but the vat majority of the one billion-plus
14、 population lives on less than 20 percent of the land area. this is the fertile land that can support food production. However, due to population growth, urbanization, and economic growth, this same land must now support extensive transportation systems, industrial and commercial development, and in
15、creasing demands for housing, As the population and economy grow, the land available for agriculture shrinks, and the problems of transporting food and raw materials to an urban population increase. By the year 2000 it is estimated that 70 percent of the worlds population will inhabit urban areas. T
16、he same trend are evident in Japan, where approximately 80 percent of the land area is mountainous,90 percent of the population lives on the coastal plains, and economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic centers .The flat-ly
17、ing land is generally the most fertile and is historically the region of settlement . Other factors adding to population density include the traditional building style , which is low-rise , and Japanese law that contain strong provisions for maintenance of access to sunlight .Also ,to retain domesti
18、c food production capability , the Japanese government has protected agricultural land from development. The combination of these historical and political factors together with a strong migration of businesses and individuals to the economic centers has created enormous land use pressure. The result
19、 is an astronomically high cost of land in city centers (as high as US $500,00 per square meter) and difficulty in an providing housing, transportation, and utility services for the population. Typical business employees cannot afford to live near the city center where they work and may have to comm
20、ute one to two hours each way from an affordable area. To service the expanding metropolitan area, public agencies must upgrade roads and build new transit lines and utilizes. Land costs for such work are so high that in central Tokyo, the cost of land may represent over 95 percent of the total cost
21、 of a project. The problem of land use pressures and related economic effects of high land prices are of great interest in the study of the potential uses of underground space. When surface space is fully utilized, underground space becomes one of the few development zones available. It offers the p
22、ossibility of the adding needed facilities without further degrading the surface environment. Without high land prices, however, the generally higher cost of constructing facilities underground is a significant deterrent to their environmental, or social grounds-luxuries which many developing nation
23、 cannot afford at present and which developed nations are reluctant to undertake except in areas of special significance. Planning of Underground Space Effective planning for underground utilization should be an essential precursor to the development of major underground facilities. This planning mu
24、st consider long-term needs while providing a frame work for reforming urban areas into desirable and effective environments in which to live and work. If underground development is to provide the most valuable long-term benefit possible , then effective zones beneath public rights-of-way in older c
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