2023年翻译英语一真题.doc
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1、第一部分考研翻译真题(1990 年 年)1990年英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities, and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested
2、in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect ,the two approaches are very different from each other. The
3、 controversy is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nurture.(62)Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little,if anything, to do with our abilities, cha
4、racteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the nurture theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called beha
5、viorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B.F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans res
6、pond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the two theories. Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined
7、. Needless to say,they dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand,behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in
8、an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States,blacks often score below whites on standardized inte
9、lligence tests. This leads some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists, in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enj
10、oy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,has been with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is
11、clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found, and this
12、will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on,mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the
13、 situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations,including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.
14、(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year ?To begin with,the world food supply is goi
15、ng to become steadily tighter over the next thirty yearseven here in the United States.By ,the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mo
16、uths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nat
17、ion and that,if necessity forces exports,it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact, as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its popu
18、lation to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more unnatural food.1992年英译汉试题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive constructthe meaning of the word has never been clear. (71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by t
19、he term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough meas
20、ure of a childs capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character,social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes. (72)To criticize it for such failure is roughly compara
21、ble to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.(73)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with wh
22、ich we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do ones best,the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do,and the intellec
23、tual ability to do it. (74)The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable,and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. It
24、s value lies,of course,in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of hi
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