2023年大学英语六级考试阅读理解.doc
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1、2023年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第1套)Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once
2、. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Meaning Is Healthier Than HappinessAFor at least the last decade, the happiness craze has been building. In the last three months alone, over 1,000 books on happiness were released on Amazon, including Happy Money, Happy-People-Pills For All, and, for those j
3、ust starting out, Happiness for Beginners.BOne of the consistent claims of books like these is that happiness is associated with all sorts of good life outcomes, including - most promisingly - good health. Many studies have noted the connection between a happy mind and a healthy body - the happier y
4、ou are, the better health outcomes we seem to have. In a meta-analysis (overview) of 150 studies on this topic, researchers put it like this: “Inductions of well-being lead to healthy functioning, and inductions of ill-being lead to compromised health.”CBut a new study, just published in the Proceed
5、ings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) challenges the rosy picture. Happiness may not be as good for the body as researchers thought. It might even be bad.DOf course, its important to first define happiness. A few months ago, I wrote a piece called “Theres More to Life Than Being Happy” abo
6、ut a psychology study that dug into what happiness really means to people. It specifically explored the difference between a meaningful life and a happy life.EIt seems strange that there would be a difference at all. But the researchers, who looked at a large sample of people over a month-long perio
7、d, found that happiness is associated with selfish “taking” behavior and that having a sense of meaning in life is associated with selfless “giving” behavior.FHappiness without meaning characterizes a relatively shallow, self-absorbed or even selfish life, in which things go well, needs and desire a
8、re easily satisfied, and difficult or taxing entanglements are avoided, the authors of the study wrote. If anything, pure happiness is linked to not helping others in need.” While being happy is about feeling good, meaning is derived from contributing to others or to society in a bigger way. As Roy
9、Baumeister, one of the researchers, told me, Partly what we do as human beings is to take care of others and contribute to others. This makes life meaningful but it does not necessarily make us happy.”GThe new PNAS study also sheds light on the difference between meaning and happiness, but on the bi
10、ological level. Barbara Fredrickson, a psychological researcher who specializes in positive emotions at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Steve Cole, a genetics and psychiatric researcher at UCLA, examined the self-reported levels of happiness and meaning in 80 research subjects.HHap
11、piness was defined, as in the earlier study, by feeling good. The researchers measured happiness by asking subjects questions like “How often did you feel happy?” “How often did you feel interested in life?” and “How often did you feel satisfied?” The more strongly people endorsed these measures of
12、“hedonic well-being,” or pleasure, the higher they scored on happiness.IMeaning was defined as an orientation to something bigger than the self. They measured meaning by asking questions like “How often did you feel that your life has a sense of direction or meaning to it?”, “How often did you feel
13、that you had something to contribute to society?”, and “How often did you feel that you belonged to a community social group?” The more people endorsed these measures of “eudaimonic well-being” - or, simply put, virtue - the more meaning they felt in life.JAfter noting the sense of meaning and happi
14、ness that each subject had, Fredrickson and Cole, with their research colleagues, looked at the ways certain genes expressed themselves in each of the participants. Like neuroscientists who use fMRI scanning to determine how regions in the brain respond to different stimuli, Cole and Fredrickson are
15、 interested in how the body, at the genetic level, responds to feelings of happiness and meaning.K Coles past work has linked various kinds of chronic adversity to a particular gene expression pattern. When people feel lonely, are grieving the loss of a loved one, or are struggling to make ends meet
16、, their bodies go into threat mode. This triggers the activation of a stress-related gene pattern that has two features: an increase in the activity of pron-inflammatory genes and a decrease in the activity of genes involved in anti-viral responses.LCole and Fredrickson found that people who are hap
17、py but have little to no sense of meaning in their lives - proverbially, simply here for the party - have the same gene expression patterns as people who are responding to and enduring chronic adversity. That is, the bodies of these happy people are preparing them for bacterial threats by activating
18、 the pro-inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is, of course, associated with major illnesses like heart disease and various cancers.MEmpty positive emotions - like the kind people experience during manic episodes or artificially induced euphoria from alcohol and drugs - are about as good for
19、you for as adversity, says Fredrickson.NIts important to understand that for many people, a sense of meaning and happiness in life overlap; many people score jointly high (or jointly low) on the happiness and meaning measures in the study. But for many others, there is a dissonance - they feel that
20、they are low on happiness and high on meaning or that their lives are very high in happiness, but low in meaning. This last group, which has the gene expression pattern associated with adversity, formed a whopping 75 percent of study participants. Only one quarter of the study participants had what
21、the researchers call “eudaimonic predominance” - that is, their sense of meaning outpaced their feelings of happiness.OThis is too bad given the more beneficial gene expression pattern associated with meaningfulness. People whose levels of happiness and meaning line up, and people who have a strong
22、sense of meaning but are not necessarily happy, showed a deactivation of the adversity stress response. Their bodies were not preparing them for the bacterial infections that we get when we are alone or in trouble, but for the viral infections we get when surrounded by a lot of other people.PFredric
23、ksons past research, described in her two books, Positivity and Love 2.0, has mapped the benefits of positive emotions in individuals. She has found that positive emotions broaden a persons perspective and buffers people against adversity. So it was surprising to her that hedonistic well-being, whic
24、h is associated with positive emotions and pleasure, did so badly in this study compared with eudaimonic well-being.Q“Its not the amount of hedonic happiness thats a problem,” Fredrickson tells me, “Its that its not matched by eudaimonic well-being. Its great when both are in step. But if you have m
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