给老外科普中国历史.pptx
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1、History of ChinaPreface:We have a big familyv1.China has a land area of 9.6 millions square kilometers,making it the third-biggest country in the world.v2.China is a unified,multi-national country,with 56 nationalities in all.v3.A country with a population of 1.3 billion.Many famous archeology and b
2、eautiful scenery in this land crowdedPangu(The Very Beginning of Chinese Civilization)vChinese civilization,as described in mythology,begins with Pangu,the creator of the universe,and a succession of legendary sage-emperors and culture heroes(among them are Huang Di,Yao,and Shun)who taught the ancie
3、nt Chinese to communicate and to find sustenance,clothing,and shelter.Brief introduction of Chinese historyvThe Xia Dynasty is the first unified country in Chinese history,20701600 BC,established its capital in Anyi (red point)v 今山西夏县 The First Prehistoric DynastyXia is the first prehistoric dynasty
4、.From about the twenty-first to the sixteenth century B.C,scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Anyang,Henan Province.In regard to the Xia,it was difficult to separate myth from reality.By now,archaeologists have uncovered urban sites,bronze implements,and tombs that point to
5、 the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts.At minimum,the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.Brief introduction of Chinese historyvShang dy
6、nasty(1600-1046 B.C.),established capital in Shangqiu(early)and Anyang(late).vShang dynasty endured roughly from 1700 to 1027 B.C.The Shang dynasty(also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages)is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler.Its civilization was
7、 based on agriculture,augmented by hunting and animal husbandry.Two important events of the period were the development of a writing system,as revealed in archaic Chinese inscriptions found on tortoise shells and flat cattle bones,and the use of bronze metallurgy.A number of ceremonial bronze vessel
8、s with inscriptions date from the Shang period;the workmanship on the bronzes attests to a high level of civilization.Brief introduction of Chinese historyZhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty in the 1029BC,established its capital in Xian.We call it West Zhou Dynasty(1029-771BC).Three hundreds yea
9、rs later,the empire moved its capital to Luoyang,be called East Zhou Dynasty(770-256BC).vAccording to standard Chinese accounts,the last Shang ruler,a despot was overthrown by a chieftain of a frontier tribe called Zhou,which had settled in the Wei Valley in modern Shaanxi Province.The Zhou dynasty
10、had its capital at Hao,near the city of Xian,or Changan,as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.vIn 771 B.C,The capital was moved eastward to Luoyang in present-day Henan Province.Because of this shift,historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou(1027-771 B.C.)and Eastern Zhou(770-2
11、21 B.C.)。And Eastern Zhou divides into two subperiods.The first,from 770 to 476 B.C.,is called the Spring and Autumn Period;the second is known as the Warring States Period(475-221 B.C.)。vSharing the language and culture of the Shang,the early Zhou rulers,through conquest and colonization,gradually
12、sinicized,that is,extended Shang culture through much of China Proper north of the Chang Jiang(or Yangtze River)。The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other,from 1027 to 221 B.C.Initially from Shang,there waw the notion that the ruler(the son of heaven)governed by divine right but that his dethron
13、ement would prove that he had lost the mandate.Brief introduction of Chinese historyvIn the following five hundreds years,The East Zhou Dynasty(770-256BC)divides into many small states.The states fight with each other,which lasts for 250 years,we also call this age Warring StatesBrief introduction o
14、f Chinese historyvThe Qin Dynasty reunited china again in 221BC.v(221-207BC)vXian(capital)In 221 B.C,much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first time.In subjugating the six other major states of Eastern Zhou,the Qin kings had relied heavily on Legalist scholar-advisers.Cen
15、tralization,achieved by ruthless methods,was focused on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures,the forms of writing and coinage,and the pattern of thought and scholarship.To silence criticism of imperial rule,the kings banished or put to death many dissenting Confucian scholars and co
16、nfiscated and burned their books.To fend off barbarian intrusion,the fortification walls built by the various warring states were connected to make a 5,000-kilometer-long great wall.Revolts broke out as soon as the first Qin emperor died in 210 B.C.The imperial system initiated during the Qin dynast
17、y,however,set a pattern that was developed over the next two millenniaBrief introduction of Chinese historyvThe Han Dynasty became Chinas new empire in 206BC,established its capital in Xian,we call it the West Han Dynasty in the history.It moved the capital to Luoyang in 25,called East Han Dynasty.v
18、(206BC220)vAnother new dynasty,called Han(206 B.C.-A.D.220),emerged with its capital at Changan.The new empire retained much of the Qin administrative structure but retreated a bit from centralized rule.Confucian ideals of government,were adopted as the creed of the Han empire.Intellectual,literary,
19、and artistic endeavors revived and flourished.The Han period produced Chinas most famous historian,Sima Qian(145-87 B.C.?),whose Shiji(Historical Records)provides a detailed chronicle from the time of a legendary Xia emperor to that of the Han emperor Wu Di(141-87 B.C.)。Technological advances also m
20、arked this period.After 200 years,Han rule was interrupted briefly(in A.D.9-24 by Wang Mang,a reformer),and then restored for another 200 years.And A.D.220 the Han empire collapsed.Brief introduction of Chinese historyvThe Han Dynasty is split into three states,they are:Wei,Shu,Wu.The three countrie
21、s fight with each other for more than 60 years.vHundreds of thousands of people are killde in the war.vThe collapse of the Han dynasty was followed by nearly four centuries of rule by warlords.The age of civil wars and disunity began with the era of the Three Kingdoms(Wei,Shu,and Wu,which had overla
22、pping reigns during the period A.D.220-80)。In later times,fiction and drama greatly romanticized the reputed chivalry of this period.Unity was restored briefly in the early years of the Jin dynasty(A.D.265-420),but the Jin could not long contain the invasions of the nomadic peoples.In A.D.317 the Ji
23、n court was forced to flee from Luoyang and reestablished itself at Nanjing to the south.The transfer of the capital coincided with Chinas political fragmentation into a succession of dynasties that was to last from A.D.304 to 589.During this period the process of sinicization accelerated among the
24、non-Chinese arrivals in the north and among the aboriginal tribesmen in the south.This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism(introduced into China in the first century A.D.)in both north and south China.Despite the political disunity of the times,there were notable te
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