汉语和英语被动意义上的差别分析解析.pptx

汉英主动与被动区别n n概述:“主动与被动”与“主客体意识”的n n主客体意识:认识客观世界的两种角度认识客观世界的两种角度:在所说在所说事实不变的情况下事实不变的情况下,从两种角度看待句子的动作从两种角度看待句子的动作.从两种角度表达同一个事实。从两种角度表达同一个事实。n nThey arrived at the summit on the fifth day.n nThe fifth day saw them at the summit.n n一进花房他们就闻到了一股浓烈的花香。n n一进花房一股浓烈的花香扑鼻而来。n n主动与被动含义一:“从动作的行为对象去阐述事实内容的表达手段”.n n他们非常喜欢自己的工作 n nthey were attached to their work.n n他因疾病而夭折.n nHis life was cut short by illness.n n他在台上出现，观众给予的热烈掌声n nHe appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.n n工厂坐落在河的附近 n nThe factory is located near the river n n她在森林中迷了路。n nshe was lost in the woodn n妻子的归来让他而陷入惶惑不安之中。n nHe was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife.n n墙上挂着画 The picture was hung on the wall.n n老赵容易上钩。n nChao Po-tao could easily be hooked.n n他被证明是无辜的。n nHe proved to be innocent.n nn n主动与被动含义二:主动强调是动作；被动强调是动作完成后呈现的状态。n nMy brother broke the teapot.n nThe teapot was broken by my brother.n nThe teapot was broken.n nThe teapot is broken.n nn n汉语汉语-主动或被动取决于说话人选取主动或被动取决于说话人选取谁作为话题。谁作为话题。n n他们打死了一只老虎。n n他们把只老虎打死了。n n老虎被他们打死了。n n老虎他们打死了。n n老虎打死了。n n英语-形和语言丰富的形态变化被动语态构成为显性化。n n汉语-意和语言被动语态构成为隐性化。（逻辑关系无差异，主要在表现形式上存在差异）n n语言表现形式上存在差异的根源？n n我生于南昌，也在那里参加了革命。n nI was born in Nangchang and there I joined the revolutionary ranks.n n老虎打死了。n nThe tiger is killed.n n“英汉语在被动意义的表达方面各有优势,英语的结构被动句比 汉语使用得广,使用得多;而汉语则以意义被动句见长,其使用的范围和频度都超过英语。这与英 汉两种语言表现在形合和意合上的本质差别是一致的。”(吕叔湘,1982)n n 汉译英中,汉语被动句绝大部分可以转换成英语被动句,少量的可转换成意义被动句或其他句式。n n n n 英译汉时,英语被动句只有一小部分可以转换成汉语被动句,大部分要 转换成意义被动句,少量的可以转换成相对应的主动句式:英语被动意义的表达结构被动结构被动：结构形式上标示出来的被动句。意义被动意义被动：含有被动意义的结构形式上未标示出来的被动句。n n英语结构被动结构被动句n nA.不知道或不容易指出施事者。n nTom was killed in the Second World War.n nOrder has been restored without bloodshed and without concessions.n nB.施事者根据上下文是清楚的，不必说出。n nThe inured were allowed home after treatment.n nJack fought Michael last night and Jack was beaten.n nC.由于某种原因（情感上的委婉,陈述上圆通、得体），不愿说出施事者。n nSome unfair comment on the proposal was made at the meeting.n nThis matter should be taken up with the insurance company.n nD.说话者心目当中，受动者比施动者更重要。n nMadame Curie will long be remembered as the discover of radium.n nUnfortunately,his excellent book on this subject was denied by the publishing house.n nE.由于语气的连贯，避免频繁地变换主语。n nThe teachers should respect students first,and then will be respected by the students.n nThe word“plastic”comes from the Greek word“plastikos”and is used to describe something which can be shaped.n nF.尾重原则的要求。（施动者有许多修饰语，结构较长，放在句首“头重脚轻”）n nEarly fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature,not by man.Some were caused by lightning in as storm;others,perhaps,by hot material which came out of a volcano.n nThe excellent book was written by the writer who lived and worked in the mountains together with hunters for about ten years.n nG.句子衔接的要求。(前句后部出现的未知信息,在下一句要作为已知信息展开)n nSome kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called“fibers”,and these fibers can be made into cloth.n nMineral oil useful only when it is cleaned and separated into different commercial products.These products can be used for ships and trains,for cars and aeroplanes.n nH.文体的需要。n n英语意义被动意义被动句n n动词谓语是主动式，而主语在逻辑意义上是动词谓语的受事。一般是用来描述事物具有的性质或目前处于的状态，动作意义相对减弱。有以下几种情况。n n1.1.动词或系动词表示事物的性质特征，且动词或系动词表示事物的性质特征，且常附加强化副词。常附加强化副词。n nThe clock winds up at the back.n nYour books read well.n nThe table polishes up badly.n nMary always dresses beautifully.n nMary does not photograph well.n nThe dish smells wonderful.n nThe cloth make soft.n nThe soup tastes delicious.n n2.2.及物动词的进行时态表示被动意义及物动词的进行时态表示被动意义表表示某种事物正处于某种状态之中示某种事物正处于某种状态之中。n nThe tea is brewing.n nThe rice is cooking.n nThe book is printing.n nThe play is showing downtown.n nThe single cropping rice area is expanding.n nMany oil wells are drilling in the fields.n nThe suggestion requires further considering.The suggestion requires further considering.n nThe bike needs repairing.The bike needs repairing.n nThe sort of thing wants some doing.The sort of thing wants some doing.n nThe problem deserves public attention.The problem deserves public attention.n n3.系动词加介词短语表示性质和状态。n nThe patient is on injection.The patient is on injection.n nThe railway is under construction.The railway is under construction.n nThe plants has been in operation for several The plants has been in operation for several weeks.weeks.n nYour proposal is still under discussion.Your proposal is still under discussion.汉语的被动意义的表达n n隐性表达。n n被、教、让、给。他挨了批评。他挨了一皮鞭。/他挨皮鞭抽。n n被、教、让、给唯一的形式标志（高度的概括性和规范性）汉语的被动意义的表达的类型n n.结构被动句结构被动句n n1.1.有形式标志的被动句有形式标志的被动句。n n“被”作为结构助词直接附在及物动词前面。n n“被”作为介词引进施动者并与及物动词一起表被动。n n为所。n n山里发洪水，庄稼被冲走，牲口被淹死，房屋被冲塌。n n敌人被消灭了。n n房子被日军飞机炸平了。n n夜空被烟火照亮了。n n我的确被他的精神所感动。n n我们被老师逼着走出教室到操场上锻炼身体。n n家里被红卫兵翻得一塌糊涂。n n市场经济的理论已为广大人民群众所接受。n n“被被”、“教教”、“让让”、“给给”并非并非可完全互换。可完全互换。“被被”来源于古汉语来源于古汉语-遭遭受。受。n n他没了办法，被朋友们连哄带骗先答应了下来。（被动）n n他没了办法，叫（让）朋友们连哄带骗先答应了下来。（可能为主动表使役）n n小王给他两记耳光。（主动)n n小王给他打了两记耳光。（被动）n n2.2.用词汇手段表达被动意义用词汇手段表达被动意义n n“遭、受、挨、加以、得到”等等,用这些词汇手段表达被动意义的句子在语法上讲是主动句,只不过依靠动词本身含有的被动意义来表被动.n n施动者往往以定语的形式出现.n n受事主语并非动词谓语的动作对象.n n受事主语+动词（“挨”、“受”、“遭”.）+宾语(及物动词).n n我蒙你的关照受到了表扬。n n游击队遭到伏击后转移了。n n他们所到之处受到热烈欢迎。n n他不仅会挨批评，还会受处分。n n受事主语+动词（“得”、“加以”、.）+宾语(及物动词).n n这个工厂的生产有了很大的提高。n n他写的论文得到了很高的评价。n n他由于出色的工作成绩获得了提拔。意义被动句意义被动句n n完全依靠句子的整体意义表达被动。完全依靠句子的整体意义表达被动。n n1、表示动作完成后主语处于某种状态n n锅里的水早已烧开了。n n这个难题已经研究了多次，还是解决不了。n n酒喝了，饭吃了，问题也解决了。n n工作组调动水泥厂去了。n n2、表示事物的性质特点和类属意义n n铁锅用来炒菜，砂锅用来熬汤。n n这辆车出租，那辆车出卖。n n这种新品牌的自行车骑起来就是轻快。汉译英中被动意义的转换汉译英中被动意义的转换n 汉语的主动句转换成英语的被动句汉语的主动句转换成英语的被动句n n1.1.表示表示情感情感变化的主动句变化的主动句.n n心情是超过了恐惧而早已麻木了。n nHe was paralyzed with horror.n n王夫人不免暗地落泪，悲女哭弟，又为宝玉心忧。n nLady Wang had been reduced in secret as she mourned her daughter and worried over Pao-yu.n n英语民族在表达情绪方面的变化时英语民族在表达情绪方面的变化时,往往往期待这些情往期待这些情 感上或者感受上的变化感上或者感受上的变化是是由客观条件造成由客观条件造成的的,所以经常用被动所以经常用被动态。态。n n袭人见了这样，知道戴玉此时心中迷惑，和宝玉一样。n nIt dawned on His-jen that Tai-yu was now deranged too,exactly like Pao-yu.n n他忽然感到从未有过的兴奋，激发出从未有过的勇气了。n nHe was suddenly filled with an excitement and a boldness such as he had never known before.n n城里的人城里的人觉得很奇怪觉得很奇怪，直到第二天他们才知道这，直到第二天他们才知道这是什么缘故。是什么缘故。n nPeople in the city People in the city were leftwere left wondering and they wondering and they dont get any information on the reason for the delay dont get any information on the reason for the delay till the next morning.till the next morning.n n心头好像心头好像轻松了一些轻松了一些，却，却自感惭愧自感惭愧。n nShe She felt slightly relievedfelt slightly relieved but rather ashamed of but rather ashamed of herself.herself.n n陈大娘说的不象假话，道静的陈大娘说的不象假话，道静的心立刻软了下来。心立刻软了下来。n nHer answer rang so true that Tao-ching Her answer rang so true that Tao-ching was mollifiedwas mollified and made haste to change the subject.and made haste to change the subject.n n工人们都像工人们都像鬼迷鬼迷了一样。了一样。n nYoud think the workers Youd think the workers were all possessedwere all possessed by devils.by devils.n n2.话题话题评说句评说句n n城市改革的基本政策，/一定要保持稳定。n nThe basic policies for urban and rural reform must be kept stable for a long time to come.n n再者，我的起身日期/已经奏明，不敢耽搁。n nFurthermore,the date of departure has already been reported to the throne,and I can not postpone it.n n正是杀人/可恕，情理难容。n nTruly,“Killing can be forgiven,but never deception!”话题话题存现话题句存现话题句 n n高耸入云的气象台上/高高地挂起了几个黑球。（存现话题句）n nSeveral black cones had been hoisted above the towering meteorological observatory.n n一条石板伸进河里，/旁边就泊着阿李德船。n nExtending into the river was a stone jetty,and beside it Lis boat was moored.n n沿海一带，/又分布着其他河流。n nOther rivers are found near the coast.n n在存现话题句中,话题主语是时地语,评说部分表示存现的某个事物,多数是动宾结构。译成英语时,由于时地语要译成状语,句子就没有了主语。这时最大的可能 就是选动宾结构中的宾语作主语,动词用被动态,句子就成为被动句了。有时也可以选用时地语中的主要名词作主语,动词用被动句。n n3.无主句无主句n n要注意经济稳定、协调地发展，但稳定和协调也是相对的，不是绝对的。n nAttention must be paid to steady and coordinated development,but steadiness and coordination are only relative,not absolute.n n象这样一类问题还有不少，如果处理不当，就容易动摇我们的方针，影响改革的全局。n nThere are many problems like this one,and if we dont handle them properly,our policies could easily be undermined and overall reform affected.n n处理暗指和隐含的办法除了根据上下问补出主语外,经常使用的方法:一个就是把宾语译成主语,动词用被动态,句子为被动句n n4.泛指人称句。泛指人称句。n n别人无端地猜疑，他想起来又是害怕，又是不平。n nHe was suspected wrongly and it made him feel frightened and hurt.n n我们大家应当把地球作为一个整体去研究环保问题。n nThe problem of environmental protection should be recognized and resolved in the light of that the earth is a whole subject.n n泛指人称句泛指人称句中的主语一般是所指不确定,其重要性当然不及宾语。此时可以略去泛指人称主语,把宾语译作英语的主语,句子成为被动句。5。“是”字句n n“是”字在句中具有下面三种功能时可以翻译成被动句:一是变动态为静态的“是的”句,在“是”和“的”之间是个动 词短语;二是判断句,判断宾语也是动词结构:三、是具有强调功能,其强调的成分也是动词结构。n n然而梦的黑潮还是重压在他的神经上。n nBut his mind was still submerged in the heavy black waters of a dream。n na.a.杯子被我的弟弟打破了。杯子被我的弟弟打破了。n nb.b.杯子杯子是是我的弟弟打破的。我的弟弟打破的。6.“把”字句n n把”字句使宾语提前,并还有强调功能。所以有的“把”字句可以翻译成英语的被动句,以“X把”字的宾语作主语；n n少年女子扑在曾沧海身上,几乎把这老头王撞倒在地。n nYoung woman threw herself on Tseng Tsang-Hai,so that the old man was nearly thrown off balance.练 习n n他用一个脚尖支持着他全身的重量，在那平稳光软的弹子台的绿呢上飞快地旋转。n nHer whole weight was supported on the point of the other foot,she pirouetted rapidly on the smooth,soft baize.n n风吹来外滩公园里的音乐。n nFaint stains of music were borne on the wind from the river park.n n这一切，在他看来，都是合乎逻辑的。n nSo far as he could see,this whole series of misfortunes was locked in a logical sequence.n n水面隆起一层薄薄透明的雾，风吹过来，带着新鲜的荷叶荷花香。n nLight,translucent mist had risen over the water,and the breeze was laden with the scent of fresh lotus leaves.n n你们没白来，不是你们，我们的伏击不会这么彻底。n nWell,your trip wasnt wasted.If not for you,our ambush wouldnt have been so successful.n n党内生活向制度化、规范化迈出新步伐。n nProgress was made in institutionalizing and standardizing inner party activities.n n刘家小院儿很清静。n nThe Lius courtyard was kept in good trim.n n总之，他觉得一切都失败，全盘都空了。n nWhichever it was,he felt that all was now lost.n n他想说服她，可是一看她那倔强的、不易说服的眼睛，他不做声了。n nHe wanted to convinced her of her mistake,but was deterred by her look of stubborn resolution.n n爱多亚路上高耸云霄的气象台上,高高地挂起了几个黑球。n nSeveral black cones had been hoisted above the towering meteorological.