绿氢战略:设计指南.pdf
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1、 1|A GUIDE TO DESIGNGreen hydrogen strategy A guide to design 3|A GUIDE TO DESIGNContentsFigures 5 Tables 6 Boxes 6 Abbreviations 81 Why this report?Introduction 91.1 National hydrogen strategic documents 11 1.2 More than 50 examples 13 1.3 Scope of the report 16Part 1:Foundation 182 Why green hydro
2、gen?Drivers and motivation 192.1 Policy drivers for hydrogen strategy making 19 2.2 Past and current drivers:hydrogen hype and hope 23 3 Who?Stakeholder engagement 293.1 Introduction 29 3.2 The stakeholder matrix 30 4 How to integrate the strategy in the energy planning?Long-term energy scenarios 36
3、4.1 The correlation between models,LTES,hydrogen strategies and other documents 37 4.2 Technical representation of green hydrogen in LTES 38 4.3 Purpose of LTES to support green hydrogen strategies 41Part 2:Setting objectives 445 What first?Priority setting 455.1 Factors influencing priority setting
4、 46 5.2 In focus:“Silver bullet”or“champagne”?51 6 Where?Export considerations 556.1 Positioning 55 6.2 Strategic considerations for hydrogen trade 57 GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY|47 How much?Target setting 667.1 Target-setting considerations 66 7.2 Target design elements 68 7.3 Current status 71Part 3:P
5、olicy action 758 What is the problem?Barrier identification 768.1 Barrier categorisation 77 8.2 The green hydrogen deadlock 84 9 How?Measures and governance of the hydrogen sector 879.1 Strategic impact of commitments 89 9.2 Phases 93 9.3 Governance structure of the hydrogen sector 97Part 4:Drafting
6、 guide 10110 Drafting guide 10210.1 Four passages 103 References 108 Annex 114 5|A GUIDE TO DESIGNFigures Figure 1 CO2 emissions abatement potential in IRENAs 1.5C Scenario by 2050 11Figure 2 Selected shades of hydrogen 12Figure 3 Timeline of hydrogen strategies and roadmaps(as of May 2024)13Figure
7、4 Status of national hydrogen strategies and roadmaps(as of May 2024)14Figure 5 Map of countries with national hydrogen strategies published(as of May 2024)15Figure 6 Dynamics of waves of interest 24Figure 7 Drivers and sectors mentioned in national hydrogen strategies 26Figure 8 Historical waves of
8、 interest(illustrative)28Figure 9 Stakeholder matrix 31Figure 10 Stakeholder engagement in the Chilean strategy making 35Figure 11 Representative:from modelling to policies 37Figure 12 Types of renewable energy potentials 40Figure 13 Common uses of long-term energy scenarios 41Figure 14 Estimation o
9、f renewable electricity generation needed for 1 megawatt hour,by energy services and by transformation pathway 51Figure 15 Geopolitical positioning of countries 56Figure 16 Hydrogen production targets,2030 and 2050 Mt/yr 72Figure 17 Hydrogen consumption targets,2030 and 2050 Mt 73Figure 18 Capacity
10、targets for hydrogen production,2030 and 2050 GW 74Figure 19 Barrier categorisation 76Figure 20 The green hydrogen deadlock 85Figure 21 Timelines of national strategies by phases 94Figure 22 Flowchart for hydrogen strategy making 103GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY|6TablesTable 1 Green hydrogen stakeholder i
11、dentification and engagement tactic 32Table 2 Factors influencing priority setting 46Table 3 Silver bullet and champagne approaches 52Table 4 Main policies for green hydrogen deployment 87Table 5 Examples of chokepoints 96Table 6 Activities from the public sector 97Table A.1 Targets of national hydr
12、ogen strategies and roadmaps 114Table A.2 Policies of national hydrogen strategies and roadmap 117Table A.3 Shades of hydrogen supported in national hydrogen strategies and roadmap 119Table A.4 End-use priorities in national hydrogen strategies and roadmap 120Table A.5 Full list of currently availab
13、le hydrogen strategies 122 BoxesBox 1 Creating investor confidence 10Box 2 Definitions of hydrogen 12Box 3 Definitions for this study 13Box 4 IRENAs work on green hydrogen and hard-to-abate sectors 16Box 5 Chiles participatory approach in its green hydrogen strategy 34Box 6 Green hydrogen potential
14、39Box 7 Examples of LTES and hydrogen strategy co-ordination 43Box 8 Example of the“silver bullet”view:the UK Hydrogen Strategys support for diverse end-use applications 53Box 9 Example of the“champagne”view:the Austrian hydrogen strategys focus on three priorities 54Box 10 Germany:certification of
15、imported hydrogen with additional sustainability requirements 59 7|A GUIDE TO DESIGNBox 11 The United Arab Emirates:energy-exporting country with a focus on deployment of local demand for low-carbon hydrogen 65Box 12 Renewable energy targets in hydrogen strategies 67Box 13 Examples of capacity-based
16、 and quantity-based targets 68Box 14 Barriers identification in Panamas hydrogen strategy 77Box 15 Standards and safety in Chinas hydrogen strategy 79Box 16 Cost barriers in Argentinas hydrogen strategy 80Box 17 The Inflation Reduction Act in the United States 90Box 18 The 60 measures in Spains gree
17、n hydrogen strategy 91Box 19 SDG Namibia One Fund 92Box 20 Japanese hydrogen strategies:evolution of phases and goals 95Box 21 The centralised approach of Oman 99Box 22 The decentralised approach of India 100GREEN HYDROGEN STRATEGY|8AbbreviationsC degrees CelsiusAFID Alliance for Industry Decarbonis
18、ationBCA border carbon adjustmentCAPEX capital expenditureCCS carbon capture and storageCCUS carbon capture,utilisation and storageCO2 carbon dioxideCOP United Nations Climate Change ConferenceEG empowered groupEU European UnionEUR euroFCEV fuel cell electric vehicleGW gigawattIEA International Ener
19、gy AgencyIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIRA Inflation Reduction ActIRENA International Renewable Energy AgencykWh kilowatt hourLCOH levelised cost of hydrogenLTES long-term energy scenariosMt megatonnesMW megawattMWh megawatt hourPEM proton exchange membraneR&D research and developmen
20、tRFNBO renewable fuels of non-biological originSC stakeholder consultationSOEC solid oxide electrolyser cellTRL technology readiness levelTW terawattTWh terawatt hourUAE United Arab EmiratesUK United KingdomUN United NationsUSD United States dollar 9|A GUIDE TO DESIGN 1.Why this report?IntroductionR
21、oughly 100 years ago,in February 1923,futurist John Haldane delivered a lecture at Cambridge University on wind farms that would provide England with clean and cheap electricity to produce hydrogen;he also envisioned the use of underground hydrogen storage to supply energy when the wind was not avai
22、lable(Haldane,1923).Since then,there have been several attempts(for example,during the oil crisis of the 1970s)to scale up hydrogen,particularly as a clean fuel to replace oil.Each occurrence of a“hydrogen wave of interest”marked a distinct phase in the exploration and development of hydrogen as a v
23、iable energy solution(see section 2).The most recent phase is linked to international efforts to avert dangerous climate change.Countries around the world agreed in 2015 that rapid decarbonisation is needed and adopted the historic Paris Agreement.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
24、Change(IPCC),human activities have unequivocally caused global warming,and in the last decade the average global surface temperature reached 1.1 degrees Celsius(C)above pre-industrial levels.Based on the findings of Working Group III of the IPCCs Sixth Assessment Report,global temperature is likely
25、to exceed 1.5C of pre-industrial levels this century,based on current global targets expressed in National Determined Contributions(NDC),and even limiting warming to below 2C would rely on a rapid acceleration of mitigation efforts after 2030.The global consensus now is that hydrogen and its derivat
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