新编简明英语语言学教程PPT课件.pptx
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1、A Course on LinguisticsA Course on Linguistics戴炜栋戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程新编简明英语语言学教程(网络下载,调整修改中)(网络下载,调整修改中)The Goals for this CourseTogetascientificviewonlanguage;Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLA
2、orTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication;Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.The Requirements for this courseClassattendanceClassroomdiscussionFulfillmentoftheassignmentExaminationReference Books戴炜栋,何兆熊,(2002),新编简明英语语言学教程,上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟,(2001),语言学教程,北京大学出版社。刘润清,(1995),西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版社。Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,
3、(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.Chapter 1.Introduction1.What is language?Language can meanwhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(
4、e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)asetofrules.(rule-governed)Sapirs def
5、inition(1921)“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Halls definition(1968)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”Chomskys defini
6、tion(1957)“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Language can be generally defined asasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Language is a systemSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedac
7、cordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Language is arbitraryArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Aros
8、ebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-ShakespeareLanguage is primarily vocalVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Language is humanspecific Human-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.The de
9、sign/defining features of human language(Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionArbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,
10、bang,.Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages,usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephant
11、isdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.But
12、foodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality(double articulation)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmo
13、reflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesoftha
14、tlanguage.Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.AgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhe
15、ntheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.Cultural transm
16、ission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatla
17、nguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.Functions of languagePhatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.D
18、irective:getthehearertodosomething.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)Performative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.The
19、origin of languageThedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.Theinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.Theevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一
20、种符号系统语言是一种符号系统.当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.2.What is linguistics?-Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.-Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.Four principles of linguistic studiesExhaustiveness/adequacyConsistencyEconomyObjectivityThe sco
21、pe or major branches of linguisticsTheoreticallinguistics1.Phonetics2.Phonology3.Morphology4.Syntax5.SemanticsUseoflinguistics1.Appliedlinguistics2.Sociolinguistics3.PsycholinguisticsTheoretical linguisticsPhonetics-speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acoustic
22、phonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology-theformofwordsSyntax-therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Semantics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-Pragmatics)Use of linguisticsAppliedlinguistics-linguisticsandl
23、anguageteachingSociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,education)affectlanguageusePsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandpsychologicalprocessStylistics-linguisticandliteratureSome other applications AnthropologicallinguisticsNeurolinguisticsComputationallinguistics(e.g.machinetranslation)Some impor
24、tant distinctions in linguistics Descriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive-describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive-laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronicstudy-descriptionofa
25、languageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy-descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)Speech vs writingSpeech-primarymediumoflanguageWriting-laterdevelopedLangue vs parole(F.de Saussure)Langue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthe
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