新编语言学教程.pptx
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1、A Course on Linguistics for Students of EnglishLinguistics:A New Coursebook新编语言学教程新编语言学教程The Goals for this CourseThe Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand some basic theories on l
2、inguistics;To understand the applications of the linguistic To understand the applications of the linguistic theories,especially in the fields of language theories,especially in the fields of language teaching&learning(SLA or TEFL),cross-cultural teaching&learning(SLA or TEFL),cross-cultural communi
3、cationcommunication;To prepare for the future research work.To prepare for the future research work.语言学学习应注意的方面:语言学学习应注意的方面:1)1)术语问题术语问题 2 2)语言学理论问题)语言学理论问题 3 3)语言学研究方法问题)语言学研究方法问题 4 4)语言学研究名家)语言学研究名家 5 5)学习习惯问题)学习习惯问题Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 IntroductionI I Linguistics Linguistics 1.1.Defini
4、tion of linguisticsDefinition of linguistics2.Linguistics and traditional grammar2.Linguistics and traditional grammar3.Use of studying linguistics 3.Use of studying linguistics 4.Scope of linguistics4.Scope of linguistics II Language II Language 1.Why Study Language?1.Why Study Language?2.Definitio
5、ns of language2.Definitions of language3.Origin of language 3.Origin of language 4.Design Features of Language4.Design Features of Language5.Functions of language5.Functions of language Some major concepts in linguistics Some major concepts in linguistics 1.Definition of Linguistics1.Definition of L
6、inguistics Linguistics is the Linguistics is the scientific or systematic scientific or systematic study of languagestudy of language(p.1).(p.1).语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言的科学研究。语言的科学研究。A person who studies linguistics is known A person who studies linguistics is known as aas a linguist
7、 linguist.1)Four principles of linguistic studies(P1)1)Four principles of linguistic studies(P1)Exhaustiveness/adequacy Exhaustiveness/adequacy(穷尽性):(穷尽性):use use adequate samples in the study.adequate samples in the study.The linguists should gather all the materials relevant The linguists should g
8、ather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation.explanation.If he leaves many facts undiscussed or unexplained,If he leaves many facts undiscussed or unexplained,his study will not be regarded as exhaustive an
9、d his his study will not be regarded as exhaustive and his conclusions will not be accepted as scientific.conclusions will not be accepted as scientific.Consistency Consistency(一致性):(一致性):keep the rules keep the rules consistent in the study of a language.There consistent in the study of a language.
10、There should be should be no contradictionno contradiction between different between different parts of the total statement.parts of the total statement.Economy Economy(简洁性、经济性):(简洁性、经济性):rule out the rule out the redundancy,redundancy,make key partmake key part stand out in language stand out in la
11、nguage description or language analysis.Other things description or language analysis.Other things being equal,being equal,a short statement or analysis is a short statement or analysis is preferredpreferred to a longer or more complex one.to a longer or more complex one.ObjectivityObjectivity(客观性):
12、(客观性):describe a language describe a language as it is.as it is.A linguist should be as objective as possible in A linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of data and cannot his description and analysis of data and cannot allow prejudice to influence his allow pre
13、judice to influence his generalizations.generalizations.2)Two purposes(p.2)2)Two purposes(p.2)a.Linguistics studies the nature of language in a.Linguistics studies the nature of language in order to order to establish a theoryestablish a theory of language and of language and describes languagesdesc
14、ribes languages in the light of the theory in the light of the theory established.established.b.Linguistics examines b.Linguistics examines all the forms of languageall the forms of language in in general and seeks a scientific understanding of the general and seeks a scientific understanding of the
15、 ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it serves and the functions it performs in human life.serves and the functions it performs in human life.2.The difference between linguistics and 2.The difference between linguistics and traditi
16、onal grammar(P2-3)traditional grammar(P2-3)Traditional grammar,as a pre-20th century Traditional grammar,as a pre-20th century language description and pre-linguistic product of language description and pre-linguistic product of research,was based upon earlier grammars of research,was based upon ear
17、lier grammars of Latin or Greek(e.g.English had six cases because Latin or Greek(e.g.English had six cases because Latin had six cases),and laid emphasisLatin had six cases),and laid emphasis onon correctnesscorrectness,literaryliterary excellenceexcellence,the use of,the use of LatinLatin modelsmod
18、els,and the,and the prioritypriority ofof writtenwritten languagelanguage.2.Linguistics vs.Traditional GrammarA.Linguistics is descriptive,not prescriptive.A linguist is interested in what is said,not what he thinks ought to be said.He describes language in all its aspects,but does not p r e s c r i
19、 b e r u l e s o f c o r r e c t n e s s.H e d o e s not believe that there i s s o m e absolute standard of correctnessconcerning language use.Instead,he would prefer to be an observer and recorder of facts,but not a judge.Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character.The grammarian
20、saw it as his task to formulate the standards of correctness and to impose these,if necessary,upon the speakers of the language.B.Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written.c)Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based f
21、ramework.Traditional grammar-Traditional grammar-prescriptive,prescriptive,written,Latin-based frameworkwritten,Latin-based framework 规定性的、规定性的、书面语的,放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架书面语的,放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内内Modern linguistics-Modern linguistics-descriptive,spoken,descriptive,spoken,not necessarily Latin-based frameworknot n
22、ecessarily Latin-based framework 描述描述性的、口头语的,不强行放进一个拉丁语性的、口头语的,不强行放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内为基础的框架内Weakpoints of Traditional Grammar1.规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察,但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时,又有自身的规律,使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看,否定之否定就是肯定。正因如此,规定语法学家认为:I didnt do nothing.正确的解释为:It is not true that I did no
23、thing.或 I did something.但是,英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者,“didnt”重读,而后者“didnt不重读。再看下列例句:All the children didnt sleep(All the children failed to sleep.)All the children didnt sleep.(Not all the children failed to sleep.)这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题:All the children didnt
24、 sleep.(重音落在sleep上,且使用降调)All the children didnt sleep.(重音落在all上,且使用降升调)事实上,这种突破一般逻辑规律的现象在其它语言中也时常可见。以汉语为例:今天街上好热闹。今天街上好不热闹。再看汉语中的“差点儿”和“差点儿没”两个表达法:他差点儿摔倒了。他差点儿没摔倒。我差点儿通过了考试。我差点儿没通过考试。如果用“差点儿”和“差点儿没”去修饰说话人希望实现的事情,那么“差点儿”含有惋惜希望的事情未能实现,而“差点儿没”是指庆幸希望的事情发生了。2.There are no absolute standards of correctnes
25、s in language uses.秋浦歌白发三千丈,缘愁似个长。不知明镜里,何处得秋霜。单看“白发三千丈”一句,真叫人无法理解:白发怎么能有“三千丈”呢?愁生白发,人所共晓,而长达三千丈,该有多少深重的愁思。十个字的千钧重量落在一个“愁”字上。以此写愁,匪夷所思。奇想出奇句,不能不使人惊叹诗人的气魄和笔力。3.Use of studying linguistics(pp.3-4)3.Use of studying linguistics(pp.3-4)1)To have an 1)To have an overviewoverview of human language;of human
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