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公共产品与公共资源曼昆经济学原理第七版.pptx
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1、PowerPoint Slides prepared by:Andreea CHIRITESCUEastern Illinois University11Public Goods and Common Resources 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service
2、or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.1The Different Kinds of GoodsExcludabilityProperty of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itRivalry in consumptionProperty of a good whereby one persons use diminishes other peoples use 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Re
3、served.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2The Different Kinds of GoodsPrivate goodsExcludable&Rival in consumptionPublic goo
4、dsNot excludable&Not rival in consumptionCommon resourcesRival in consumption&Not excludableClub goodsExcludable&Not rival in consumptionOne type of natural monopoly 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a
5、 license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3Figure 1 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain pr
6、oduct or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Four Types of GoodsGoods can be grouped into four categories according to two characteristics:(1)A good is excludable if people can be prevented from using it.(2)A good is rival in consumption if one persons use of the g
7、ood diminishes other peoples use of it.This diagram gives examples of goods in each category.4The Different Kinds of GoodsPublic goods and common resourcesNot excludablePeople cannot be prevented from using themAvailable to everyone free of chargeNo price attached to itExternal effectsPositive exter
8、nalities(public goods)Negative externalities(common resources)2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for
9、classroom use.5The Different Kinds of GoodsPublic goods and common resourcesPrivate decisions about consumption and production Can lead to an inefficient allocation of resourcesGovernment interventionCan potentially raise economic well-being 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copie
10、d,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.6Public GoodsFree riderPerson who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itThe free-rider pr
11、oblemPublic goods are not excludablePrevents the private market from supplying the goods 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a pass
12、word-protected website for classroom use.7Public GoodsGovernment can remedy the free-rider problem 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise
13、 on a password-protected website for classroom use.8“I like the concept if we can do it with no new taxes.”-If total benefits of a public good exceeds its costs-Provide the public good-Pay for it with tax revenue-Make everyone better offPublic GoodsSome important public goodsNational defenseVery exp
14、ensive public good$717 billion in 2011Basic researchGeneral knowledgeSubsidized by governmentThe public sector fails to pay for the right amount and the right kinds 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a
15、license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.9Public GoodsSome important public goodsAntipoverty programs(financed by taxes)Welfare system(Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program,TANF)Provides a small income for some poo
16、r familiesFood stamps(Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,SNAP)Subsidize the purchase of food for those with low incomesGovernment housing programsMake shelter more affordable 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use a
17、s permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.10Are lighthouses public goods?LighthousesMark specific locations so that passing ships can avoid treacherous watersBenefit:to the ship captainNot excludable,not riva
18、l in consumptionIncentive:free ride without payingMost are operated by the government 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwor
19、d-protected website for classroom use.11What kind of good is this?Are lighthouses public goods?In some casesLighthouses are closer to private goodsCoast of England,19th centuryLighthouses were privately owned and operatedThe owner of the lighthouse charged the owner of the nearby portIf the port own
20、ed did not pay,lighthouse owner turned the light offShips avoided that port 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protecte
21、d website for classroom use.12Are lighthouses public goods?Decide whether something is a public goodDetermine who the beneficiaries areDetermine whether the beneficiaries can be excluded from using the goodA free-rider problemWhen the number of beneficiaries is largeExclusion of any one of them is i
22、mpossible 2015 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part,except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.13Public GoodsThe difficult job of cos
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- 公共 产品 公共资源 经济学原理 第七
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