语言学教程---语音学与音位学1.pptx
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1、第 1 学期 第 6 讲第 2 章 语音学与音位学(1)(Speech Sounds/Phonetics&Phonology)2.0 序言2.1 语音的发出 语言中的层次化(Stratification)第1层切分Text 语篇第2层切分Sentence/Clause complex 句子 /小句复合体第3层切分Clause 小句/分句/子句第4层切分Word group/phrase词组/短语第5层切分Word词第6层切分Morpheme 语素第7层切分Syllable音节第8层切分Segmental phoneme单个音段音位 2.0 导 论为什么要研究语音以及与之相关的各方面?n语言的定
2、义:语言是用于人类交流的具有任意性特征的口头符号系统。Language is a system of arbitrary vocal signs used for human communication.n所有的语言都具有三个主要部分:n 语音、词汇语法和语义。n这是语言学习、语言教学和语言传播的需要。、n语言学的若干原则(为什么研究语音)n1.语音是语言最早的,也是主要的,使用范围最广的媒介。n2.相对于书面语言,口头语言更具有基础性,在语言研究中具有优先地位。n3.语音的变化和状况制约和反映着语言的方方面面。n本章的基本任务是:n从共时性角度描写语音 A synchronic descri
3、ption of speech sounds in the langue。所以,本章实质上是描写性语音学。回顾:1.7.1 语音学(Phonetics)(P15)nPhonetics studies speech sounds,that is,how speech sounds are actually made,transmitted and received,the description and classification of speech sounds,words and connected speech,etc.n语音学研究的是语音,即语音如何发出、传递和感知,以及对语音、词语和
4、连续性口语等的(语音学性质的)描写和分类。Phonetics studies speech sounds,that is,how speech sounds are actuallymade,transmittedand received,the description and classification ofspeech sounds,wordsand connected speech,etc.语音学研究的是语音,即语音如何发出、传递和感知以及对语音的描写和分类。词连续性语音Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitt
5、ed,and perceived.Articulatory phonetics/发音语音学is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic phonetics/声学语音学is the study of the physical properties of the speech sounds/the sounds produced in speech.Auditory phonetics/听觉语音学is concerned with the perception of speech sounds回顾:1.7.2 音位(系)学(Pho
6、nology)(P16)nPhonology studies the rules governing the structure,distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllable.It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.n音位学音位学研究的是那些支配语音的结构、语音的分布和语音的排列,以及音节的形式的规则。音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。Phonology
7、 studies the rules governingthestructure,of speech soundsdistribution,andsequencingandthe shape of syllable.It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.音位学音位学研究的是那些支配语音的结构、的规则。语音的分布和语音的排列,以及音节的形式音位学以音位为起点来研究语言的语音系统。n音位学的定义nPhonology is the study of the
8、sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to“discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages,and to explain the variations that occur.”(Crystal,1997:162)n音位学研究的是语言的语音模式和语音系统,致力于发现支配语言中的语音组织的规律,并解释音位变异现象。Phonology is the study of thesound patternsof languages
9、.andsound systemsIt aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages,andto explain the variations that occur.从具体语言的专语音位学到普通音位学1In phonology,we normally begin by analyzing an individual language,say,English,in order to determine its Phonological Structure,i.e.whic
10、h sounds units are used and how they are put together.2Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them,3and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all langu
11、ages.In this chapter,we willintroduce and discuss someof the basic ideas ofarticulatory phonetics and phonological analysis.在本章,我们将介绍和讨论有关发音语音学和音位分析的若干基本概念。2.1 语音的发出How Speech Sounds Are Made?n2.1.1 发音器官n发音器官的定义Speech organs,also known as Vocal Organs,are those parts of the human body in the product
12、ion of speech.发音器官的文字讲解发音区鼻腔口腔咽腔声源区喉腔 声门位于内部食道动力区气管肺n发音器官及其活动决定语音的产生和区别。n发音器官分为三大部分:动力区、声源区、发音区n 1.动力区:肺动力区:肺、气管、气管n来自肺部的气流是语音的动力。由肺部呼出的气流携带着语音,通过细支气管、支气管和气管,到达喉腔。n 2.声源区:声带声源区:声带n声带位于喉腔的中间,是两片富有弹性的带状薄膜。两片声带之间的空隙叫声门。声带放松或收紧,使声门打开或关闭。从肺部出来的气流通过声门时发生不同强度的振动,从而发出不同的声音。通过控制声带松紧的变化,可以发出高低不同的声音。n喉腔上通咽腔,下接
13、气管,是呼吸和发音的重要器官。它位于颈前正中部,在成人相当于第36颈椎部,是由一组软骨、韧带、喉肌及粘膜构成的锥形管状器官。n 3.发音区:咽腔、口腔、鼻腔、发音区:咽腔、口腔、鼻腔、n咽腔:位于口腔后部,是上通口腔和鼻腔,下接喉腔的管形腔体;咽腔,是消化道与呼吸道即声道的共同通道。n口腔和鼻腔靠软腭和小舌分开。nSPEECH ORGANS,also knows as VOCAL ORGANS,are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.It is striking to see how much
14、 of the human body is involved in the production of speech:the lungs,the trachea(or windpipe),the throat,the nose,and the mouth.n 语音器官,也叫发音器官,是指人体中参与发音的那些器官组织。人体中参与发音的器官有:肺、气管、咽喉、鼻和口。nThe pharynx,mouth,and nose form the three cavities of the VOCAL TRACT.Speech sounds are produced with an AIRSTREAM a
15、s their sources of energy.In most circumstances,the airstream comes from the lungs.It is forced out of the lungs and then passes through the bronchioles and bronchi,a n 咽、口和鼻构成声道的三个腔体。人们发音时会有气流;气流是发音的能量来源。在大多数情况下,气流来自于肺部。气流从肺部压出来,然后经过一组被称为细支气管和支气管的分叉式管道进入气管。【见下页】series of branching tubes,into the tr
16、achea.Then the air is modified at various points in various ways in the larynx,and in the oral and nasal cavities:the mouth and the nose are often referred to,respectively,as the ORAL CAVITY and the NASAL CAVITY.【接上页】然后气流在喉腔、口腔和鼻腔的不同位置以不同的方式得到调整;口和鼻通常被称作是口腔和鼻腔。Mouth 口Pharynx(咽)Nose鼻Larynx(喉)Bronchio
17、les(细支气管)Bronchi(支气管)Lung(肺)airstream 气流n Inside the oral cavity,we need to distinguish the tongue and various parts of the palate,while inside the throat,we have to distinguish the upper part,called PHARYNX,from the lower part,known as LARYNX.The larynx opens into a muscular tube,the pharynx,part o
18、f which can be seen in a mirror.n在口腔的内部,我们需要分清楚舌和上颚的不同部分,而在咽喉的内部,我们需要分清楚它的上部分和下部分,分别叫做咽和喉。咽是位于喉的上部的一个开放式的肌肉管道,人们从镜子里可以看到咽的一部分。【见下页】The upper part of the pharynx connects to the oral and nasal cavities.The contents of the mouth are very important for speech production.Starting from the front,the uppe
19、r part of the mouth including the upper lip,the upper teeth,the alveolar ridge,the hard palate,the soft palate(or the velum),【接上页】咽的上部连接着口腔和鼻腔。口腔内部的器官对于发音至关重要。从前向后,口腔的上部依次包括:上唇、上齿、齿龈隆骨、硬腭、软腭和小舌。【见下页】and the uvula.The soft palate can be lowered to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity.When the o
20、ral cavity is at the same time blocked,a NASAL sound is produced.The bottom part of the mouth contains the lower lip,the low teeth,the tongue,【接上页】软腭可以下垂,使气流通过鼻腔。如果同时在口腔中发生堵塞,那么发出的音就是鼻音。n口腔的下部包括下唇、下齿,舌和下颚。【见下页】and the mandible(i.e.the low jaw).In phonetics,the tongue is divided into five parts:the t
21、ip,the blade,the front,the back and the root.In phonology,the corresponding sounds made with these parts of the tongue are often referred to as CORONAL(tip and blade),DORSAL(front and back)and RADICAL(root).【接上页】在语音学中,舌分成五个部分:舌尖、舌叶、舌前、舌后和舌根。在音位学中,依据舌的不同部分所发的音分别叫做:舌冠音(依据舌尖和舌叶发出的音),舌面音(依据舌前和舌后发出的音)和舌根
22、音(依据舌根发出的音)。nAt the top of the trachea is the larynx,the front of which is protruding in males and known as the“Adams Apple”.The larynx contains the VOCAL FOLDS,also known as“vocal cords”or“vocal bands”.The vocal folds are a pair of structure that lies horizontally with their front ends joined toget
23、her at the back of Adams 气管的顶端是喉,喉的前端是喉结,男性比较明显。喉的内部有声带。声带是一对横卧的结构,前端相连,位于喉结之后。【见下页】Apple.Their rear ends,however,remain separated and can move into various positions.【接上页】声带的后端分离,可以向不同的位置运动。n口腔内部的器官:n 上部:上唇,上齿,齿龈,硬腭,软腭,小舌。n 下部:下唇,下齿,舌,下颌。n 舌:舌尖,舌叶,舌前,舌后,舌根。For most phonetic purposes,however,it is s
24、ufficient to say that the vocal folds are either apart,close together,or totally closed.但是,主要就发音而言,声带的运动只需有三种状态:(a)分离,(b)贴近,(c)紧闭。When the vocal folds are apart,the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be VOICELESS Consonants p,s,t are produced in this way.声带分离时,气流容易通过,这时发出的
25、音叫做清音。辅音p,s,t就是这样发出的。When they are close together,the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be VOICED.b,z,d are voiced consonants.当声带贴近时,气流通过会引起声带震动,这时发出的音叫做浊音。b,z,d 就是浊辅音。When they are totally closed,no air can pass between them.The result of this ge
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