高中英语语法填空专题分类特训.docx

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分类训练之一名词
语法填空是近年来高考英语推出的一种新题型。在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式，这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法，甚至是句法上的运用能力，能更科学地反映学生们的英语综合水平。
本题型分两种情况：一种为已给单词提示，一种为不给单词提示。下面这些破解语法填空的技巧，非常实用，一起来学习吧！
已给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题可以考查学生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种，一是词的形、数、式的变化，一是词的派生变化。在判断出词的变化之后还应该进一步审题，看是否需要使用复合的变化形式，这一点是很重要的。
技巧一：名词形式变化
名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例：There are many students living at school，the (child) houses are all far from school．
由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数，且作为houses的定语，所以应用其所有格形式，故答案为child的复合变化形式—复数的所有格children’s。
技巧二：动词形式变化
动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气)，有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。
例：A talk (give) tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.
句中的is written是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。
技巧三：代词形式变化
代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no one／none、other／another等。
例：The king decided to see the painter by (he).
由介词by可以看出，横线处应填反身代词himself。
技巧四：形容词、副词比较级变化
英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀一er和．est，或在词前Imore／less和most／least，且形容词的最高级还要冠以the。
例：I am— —(tall)than Liu Wen．He is the tallest students in my class．
此题后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。
技巧五：数词形式变化
数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀一teen、ty的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及one／two的特殊变化形式once／twice
例：To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses．My eldest son shall take a half，my second son shall take a (three).
从上下文连续起来理解，这是一个分马的计划，大儿子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填入作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标。
技巧六：词的派生
词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。
例：Lious lost his wallet yesterday，So he was very____(happiness)．
在这道题中，学生很容易判断出该用形容词；钱包丢了，人应该是不开心的，所以要再加个前缀un，就成了unhappy。
未给单词提示题型的技巧
此类题难度较大，但也是有方法应对的。
技巧七：固定短语结构
根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。
例1：The children were playing on the ground，enjoying____，dirty but happy.
从句中的happy可以 猜出孩子们是开心的，所以应用enj0y oneself短语，故其答案为themselves。
例2：His boss was____angry as to fire him．
如果“跳过”横线后面的angry，就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语so...as to...，所以，so是正解。
技巧八：从句引导词
从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。
例1：He did not done_____his father had asked him to do．
审题可知，横线所在为宾语从句的引导词，此引导词在从旬中充当宾语，且指物，所以是what。
例2：Those_____want to go to the village must sign here．
经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词，进一步观察可知先行词为those，且指人，所以只能填入who，在定语从句中做主语。
技巧九：短语动词结构
短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例1：The us consists____fifty states．
根据常识可知，美国由50个州组成，故横线处与前一词组合，表示“由......组成”，所以答案是of。
例2：Mrs Baker was ill，so her daughter had to ask for
leave to take_____of her．
生病需要人照顾，所以答案是care，与前后词构成take care of。
技巧十：短语介词结构
短语介词即多个词的组合。起介词作用的短语，如：except for，due to等。
例1：Mr Smith took a plane to London____of taking a train.
此题中说到两种交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思，故答案为instead，以构成介词短语instead of。
例2：Just then，he saw a blackboard in_____of him.
细心观察，可以看出填人fr0nt即可构成in front of，此题得解。
技巧十一：连词、关联短语结构
常用的连词有and，or，but，so，for，while等，常用的关联短语有both…and...，either…or...，neither…nor...，not only…but also...等。
例1：Little Wang Jun could not go to school，_____his family was too poor．
此处表示原因，引导的分句其实是一种解释说明，不是必然的因果关系，且前面有逗号隔开，所以填for。
例2：____Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre．
横线处的词与后面可以构成both?and，故答案为Both。
技巧十二：冠词、介词和常用的副词
冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的量还是比较多，如：however，never，yet，much等。
例1：Jackie likes to drive at____ high speed．这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法，答案为a，构成at a high speed，“以高速”开车。
例2：Old Tom’s granddaughter used to visit him_____Saturday afternoon．
Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介词in，而用on才是正解。
例3：Though Liu Qiang did the same work____Zhang Wen did，he got a lower pay______Zhang Wen.
第一条横线可由前面的the same断出用as，第二条横线则可由lower断出比较意义，故答案为than。　
例4：It was only one day left，_____，his father had no idea to answer him．
观察上下句，可以看出是转折关系，且横线与前后用逗号隔开，排除but，所以答案是however。
技巧十三：上下文中出现的相关词
这一招是最为灵活的，但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个已出现的词，或其反义词，或其同类的某个词。
答案的线索可能在本句，可能出现在上下相连的一句，还可能出现在比较远的地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句，则线索可能在上下段的首句；如果横线出现在某段的末句，则线索可能在上下段的末句，以此类推。
例：Tony____travelling abroad，but dislikes staying home watching TV．
由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断，此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。
上述十三条技巧概括了此题型的多数考查方向，能够较大地提高同学们在此题型上的得分率。
【历年真题】
1. ( 2014年新课标Ⅰ)For most of us the ______(69) (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
2. (2015年新课标卷Ⅰ)) Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ______(65) (painting).
3.（2016年新课标卷Ⅰ）The nursery team switches him every few ______(69) (day) with his sister.
4.（2016年新课标卷Ⅱ）Recent ______(66) (study) show that we are far more productive at work.
5.（2017年新课标卷Ⅰ）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ______(62) (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
6. ( 2017年新课标卷Ⅲ) She has turned down several ______(67) (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
7. (2017年新课标卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ______(61) (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from word.
8.（2018年新课标Ⅰ）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that\which(66) showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ______(67) (cause).
9.（2020年浙江）Later, they learned to work with the _______ (62)（season）, planting at the right time and, in dry areas , making use of annual floods to irrigate（灌溉）their fields.
10. （2022浙江）When the answer was no, she declined the ______ (64) (invite).
参考答案
1. ( 2014年新课标Ⅰ)For most of us the ______(69) (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.（名词单复数）changes
2.(2015年新课标卷Ⅰ)Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ______(65) (painting).(名词单复数)paintings
3.（2016年新课标卷Ⅰ）The nursery team switches him every few ______(69) (day) with his sister.（名词单复数）days
4.（2016年新课标卷Ⅱ）Recent ______(66) (study) show that we are far more productive at work.（名词单复数）studies
5.（2017年新课标卷Ⅰ）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ______(62) (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. (名词变复数) effects
6. ( 2017年新课标卷Ⅲ) She has turned down several ______(67) (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. (可数名词变复数) invitations
7. (2017年新课标卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ______(61) (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from word. (名词变复数) crowds
8.（2018年新课标Ⅰ）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that\which(66) showed a mere five to 10 minutes A day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ______(67) (cause).（名词单复数）causes
9.（2020年浙江）Later, they learned to work with the _______ (62)（season）, planting at the right time and, in dry areas , making use of annual floods to irrigate（灌溉）their fields.（名词变复数) seasons
10. （2022浙江） When the answer was no, she declined the ______(64) (invite). （名词) invitation
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分类训练之二代词
历年真题
1. ( 2014年新课标Ⅱ) Then the driver stood up and asked, “______(68) anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It’s ______(69) (I)”.
2. (2015年新课标卷Ⅰ) I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with ______(63) (it) choking smog.
3.（2016年新课标卷Ⅰ）On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ______(68) (it) mother.
4. (2017年新课标卷Ⅱ) However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ______(67) every day.
5.（2018年新课标Ⅰ）If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ______(70) a try.
6.（2018年新课标Ⅲ）When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ______(68)(they) alive.
7.（2020年新课标Ⅰ）Data about the moon’s composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ______(70) (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
8.（2020年山东）As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟）and imagine _______ (42)（they）living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
参考答案
1. ( 2014年新课标Ⅱ) Then the driver stood up and asked, “______(68) anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” . A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It’s______(69) (I)”.（名词性物主代词）mine
2. (2015年新课标卷Ⅰ)I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with ______(63) (it) choking smog. its形容词性物主代词
3.（2016年新课标卷Ⅰ）On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ______(68) (it) mother. (形容词性物主代词) its
4. (2017年新课标卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using ______(67) every day. it 指代
7.（2018年新课标Ⅰ）If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give ______(70) a try. it \ running 理解上下文，指代
6.（2018年新课标Ⅲ）When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ______(68)(they) alive.（主格变宾格）them
7.（2020年新课标Ⅰ）Data about the moon’s composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ______(70) (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.（形容词性物主代词）its
8.（2020年山东）As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟）and imagine _______ (42)（they）living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.（反身代词）themselves
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分类训练之三冠词
历年真题
定冠词
1.( 2014年新课标Ⅰ) Now, years later, this river is one of ______(63) most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
2.（2015年新课标卷Ⅱ）The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ______(62) most modern of architects and engineers.
3.（2016年新课标卷I）While one is being bottle-fed，______(70) other is with mum —— she never suspects.
4. (2017年新课标卷Ⅱ) This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over______(64) top.
5.（2018年新课标Ⅱ）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ______(62) past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
6.（2018年新课标Ⅲ）Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ______(62) top of her lungs.
7.（2019年新课标卷I）Of ______(69) nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
8.（2020年新课标Ⅱ）The plum trees are _______ (70) first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).
9.（2020年浙江）Then, with ________ (64) rise of science, changes began.
10. (2021年全国乙卷) Due to ______(65) growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
11. (2021年全国甲卷)It took us about 3 hours to go all ______(48) way around the Xi'an City Wall.
不定冠词
1.( 2017年新课标卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as ______(62) model in New York.
2.（2017年新课标卷Ⅰ）As ______(65) result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
3.（2016年新课标卷Ⅱ）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ______(68) while, exercising, or dong something you enjoy.