新编英语语法教程Pronouns.pptx

PRONOUNS n1.classificationn2.concord n3.case formsn4.reflexive pronounsPronoun?n pro-?n a.supporting or approving of something.n b.doing something instead of someone.nPronouns are words used instead of nouns,thus have nominal functions.Classification n personal,possessive,reflexive,reciprocal,demonstrative,interrogative,relative,indefinite pronouns.nPersonal pronouns:n I/me,we/us,you,he/him,she/her,it,they/themnPossessive pronouns:n my/mine,our/ours,you/yours,his/his,her/hers,its/its,their/theirsnReflexive pronouns:nReciprocal pronouns:n each other(s),one another(s)nDemonstrative pronouns:n this,that,these,those,it,such,samenThis book is yours,and that is mine.nInterrogative pronouns:n who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which,whatnRelative pronouns:n who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which,that,asnIndefinite pronouns:n some,something,somebody,someone;any,anything,anybody,anyone;no,nothing,nobody,no one,none;everything,everybody,everyone,each;much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,one,both,neither,either.nI have do much work this morning.nHe has done much for his wife.Concord n ANTECEDENTna word,phrase or sentence that is represented by pronouns.nOne must remember to remain very still when he attends a concert.nProfessor Smith and I went to the States together.We stayed there for three weeks.nI recognized one of the girls,but I didnt speak to her.nI recognized one of the girls who were caroling the other night.Concord in numbernNUMBER:nAntecedent:everyone,anyone,everybody,anybody,no one,nobody,someone,somebodynPronoun?nThe cast is giving _(its,their)best performance tonight.nEveryone thinks _(he is,they are)the centre of the universe.nWells is one of the editors who always _(take,takes)a leading role in _(his,their)community.nDictatorship is the one of many evils which _(tend,tends)to perpetuate _(itself,themselves).nEither John or James,who are twins,_(have,has)left(his,their)sweater.Concord in personn When it comes to making a conscious effort to help keep a public place clean,most people just dont make the effort.Im a maintenance man for a department store.If you did make the effort help keep the public place where I work clean,we probably wouldnt have a job.n see Exercise 8CConcord in gendern GENDER?nmasculine,feminine,neuter,commonnIt is a set of grammatical forms of nouns(pronouns),determiners and adjectives that tell of the distinctions of sex or attribute.nIn modern English,only pronouns and nouns have gender distinctions.Nouns of common gendern mannThey were pronounced man and wife at the altar.nWe hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,nIf a student needs advice about careers,_should consult the career officers.babynWhen bathing a baby,always hold_ securely.nMy baby has got _ first tooth.Nouns of neuter gendern Normally:it,its,itself,they,them,their,themselvesn?his,he,him,she,her,etc.nOnce upon a time there was a wolf in sheeps clothing,hiding _ among a flock of ship.nAs soon as the plane had hopped off,_ picked up speed.nChina is my motherland._ has experienced huge changes during the past decades.Pronoun case formsn subjective case:n I,we,you,he,she,it,they,who,whoevern objective case:n possessive case:Subjective case or objective case?nGeneral rule:n subjective case-subjectn objective case-object,plement,plementation,etc.nThe woman _(who/whom)we thought to be _(she,her)turned out to be her sister.nThe woman _(who/whom)we thought might be _(she.her)turned out to be her sister.General rulenIt is difficult to predict _(who,whom)will win the election.nWhos knocking the door?its _(I/me).nIt was _(I/me)who am to blame.nIt was_(I/me)that they were talking about.nStanley had no doubt about _(who,whom)would be elected minister of defense.nEverybody,including _(I,me),failed the test.nShe knows me better than _(he?him?).Exceptions to general rulen1.informalityn subjective case-subject positionn objective case-other positionsn2.minor sentencen3.everybody/nobody+but/except+pronounsnInterrogative clausen_(who/whom)did you want to nominate?nI dont know _(who/whom)you want to nominate?nRelative clausenWill you go and see Carlos,_(who/whom)I believe will be glad to help you?nThe woman _(who/whom)we thought might be her turned out to be her sister.Informality nCleft sentencenIt was _(he/him)who did it.nComparative clausenShe is prettier than _(I/me)nHe is clever than _(we/us)all.Informality Minor sentencenDoes anyone know where Tom lives?n-_(I/me)./-_(I/me)do.Everybody/nobody+but/exceptnNobody except _(he/him)can solve our problems.nEverybody agreed to our proposal but _(he/him).nI interviewed everybody but _(he/him).n1.Just between you and(I,me)that man is crazy.n2.The petition was drafted by Nelson,Wright,and(I,me).n3.It was(she,her)who finally spoke up.n4.Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about Troy and(she,her).n5.No one will be responsible for it,neither you nor(I,me).n6.To(who,whom)should I address this letter?n7.The child(who,whom)we thought was lost was found in the next block.n8.He promised to support(whoever,whomever)of the Republican prospects was chosen.Objective case or possessive case?n pronoun+V-ingn1.objective/possessivenDo you mind_(me/my)opening the window?nI told them about _(you/your)resigning from office.n (pronoun+V-ing)as object or plementationn_(Him/His)refusing to accept the invitation is really surprising.nBecause of the bad weather,the businessman probably has to postpone _(him/his)arriving.n 2.possessive case onlyn(pronoun+V-ing)as subjectn defer/deny/postpone+(pronoun+V-ing)nThey caught _(him/his)cheating on the exam.n catch/find/see/hear/+(pronoun as object)+V-ingn3.objective case onlyn1.I found(his,him)lying by the roadside.n2.The bush is dying;(its,its)leaves are covered with mildew.n3.I wouldnt trust(anyones else,anyone elses)judgement.n4.I cannot understand(him,his)refusing to doing that.n5.(formal)I dont mind(him,his)criticizing me so severelyn6.The family resisted the idea of(his,him)leaving home.Correctionn1.I saw his waving a flag in the crowd.n2.they deferred him going home on furlough until next month.n3.I dont like you to arrive late.n4.Johnsons father approved of he staying in China for another year.Reflexive pronounsnWhat elements can reflexive pronouns function as in a sentence?nNancy herself will perform the operation.nI have nothing to say for myself.nHe applied himself to the task.nI dont feel myself today.nappositive,object,subject complement,and prepositional complementationAppositive nHow to avoid ambiguity?nMrs.Smith will go and see Nancy herself.Prep.Complementation n conventional collocationsn by oneself,of oneself,for oneselfn to oneselfn between ourselves/yourselves/themselvesn beside oneselfPrep.ComplementationnNobody but _(I,me,myself)noticed the change.nNobody but _(he,him,himself)noticed the changeSubject complementn someone is himself/herself.n be oneself?nCan a reflexive pronoun be subject?nMy sister and myself are the only ones not down with the flu.n formal n informal Correction n1.She has nothing to say for her.n2.He always conducts him like a scholar.n3.No one but herself knows Russian.n4.Jane and himself collaborated on a new novel.Generic referencen one,ones,oneself,we,us,our,ours,ourselvesn you,your,yourselves,they,them,themselves,their,theirsExercise 8An1.its 2.his,he 3.them 4.it has 5.it,it has to 6.its/their 7.its 8.him/them(informal)9.he is/they are(informal)10.it 11.it 12.his/their(formal)13.isnt it 14.take/takes(informal),their/his(informal)15.his/their(informal)16.has,his 17.their 18.has,his 19.they,themselves 20.tends,itselfExercise 8Bn1.it/she 2.It 3.it/her 4.her 5.his/ones,he/one,his/ones 6.himself 7.she 8.it/she 9.he/he or she(formal),he/he or she(formal)10.it/she 11.it/her 12.his/his or her,his/his or her,his/his or her 13.it/him 14.it/him,it/he 15.It 16.he/he or she 17.his/her 18.it/she 19.he/he or she 20.he/he or she,he/he or sheExercise 9An1.me 2.me 3.she 4.me 5.her 6.she 7.whom 8.who 9.who 10.whoever 11.him 12.its 13.anyone elses 14.his 15.who 16.whoever 17.his 18.her 19.whom,her 20.whomExercise 9Bn1.theirs,ours 2.its,its 3.of his 4.The professor himself 5.for herself 6.beside ourselves 7.conducts himself 8.itself 9.he/he himself(no change in informal style)10 no change 11.she/she herself 12.him 13.me 14.whom 15.who 16.whoever(no change in informal style)17.us,who(no change in informal style)18.him 19.his 20.whoever 21.his 22.your arriving late 23.whomever 24.Their 25.who(no change in informal style)26.whoever 27.me 28.he himself 29.one/he 30.whether youExercise 9Cn1.to teach the facts of life to their children.n2.to change this situationn3.with great potentials which are not enhancedn4.major in accounting.n5.Bud Ellis challenged Jody Baker to a game of chess when they met at the Recreation Centre.n6.This mornings paper says that Route 4 cant be used until the flood damage is repaired.n7.On a hill was situated the cottage,whichn8.Two weeks after his uncle moved to Florida,Ed soldn9.as if the jails were equipped with revolving doors.n10.I put the package of frozen strawberriesn11.Before she left for Europe,Mother asked Mrs.Spry to visit her.n12.this vitamin,which is essential to sound teeth.n13.Burketts being given the leading role in the play displeased the rest of the cast.n14.all the clothes stored in the attic were ruined.n15.Ann and Jan wouldnt even look at each other when they metn16.Since her arrival in New York,this was the first time that she had seen her mother.n17.shoes.This pleased Mother tremendously.n18.Those/The people interviewed are sometimes indignant.n19.When he spoke to the lawyer,Dad was extremely nervousn20.that the holiday makers can hardly find places to sit down,which is why those people who hate crowds keep away from these places.Exercise 9Dn1.I 2.My 3.my 4.I 5.I 6.themselves 7.them 8.my 9.I 10.them 11.these 12.I 13.their 14.their 15.their 16.their 17.I 18.myself 19.them 20.them 21.I 22.I 23.I 24.me 25.it 26.my 27.my 28.I 29.they 30.me 31.I 32.they 33.the 34.their 35.it 36.they 37.they 38.they 39.They