石油英语省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx
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1、Instructor:Guo Qing第1页Chapter Seven Petroleum Storage and Transportation(石油储运)第2页Petroleum Surface Treatment(石油在地面处理)(石油在地面处理)Well fluids(井流)are often a complex mixture(复杂混合物)of liquid hydrocarbons,gas,and some impurities(杂质).It is necessary to to move the gas and some impurities from the liquid hyd
2、rocarbons before they are stored,transported,and sold.Liquid hydrocarbons and objectionable impurities(讨厌杂质)must also be removed from natural gas before the gas goes to a sales line(销售网线).Impurities that might be found in some well streams(井流)are hydrogen sulfide(硫化氢),carbon dioxide(二氧化碳),free water
3、,water vapor,nitrogen(氮),helium(氦气),and solids(固体物质).Nearly all of the impurities cause various types of operating(操作)problem.第3页The separation(分离)of natural gas,liquid hydrocarbons,and impurities(杂质)is accomplished(完成)by various field-processing methods(油田现场处理方法),depending upon the composition(组成)o
4、f the well stream(井流)and the desired end product(所需要终端产品).These methods include time,chemicals(化学药剂),gravity(重力),heat(热),mechanical or electrical processes(机械和电方法),and combinations(组合)of these.第4页Oil Treating(原油处理)Treating system(处理系统)are important parts of lease equipment(井场设备).Experience(经验)in a p
5、articular field or area is valuable(宝贵)in determining(确定)the best equipment for the application(使用).In selecting a treating system,a number of factors should be considered to determine the most desirable method(最理想方法)of treating the crude oil to pipeline requirements(到达管输要求).第5页Some of these factors
6、 are:1.Tightness of emulsion;(乳状液牢靠程度)2.Specific gravity of the oil and produced water;(油和采出水相对密度)3.Corrosiveness of the oil,gas and produced water;(油,气和采出水腐蚀性)4.Scaling tendencies of the produced water;(采出水结垢趋势)5.Quantity of fluid to be treated and percent of water in the fluid;(需处理流体数量和流体内含水量)6.Av
7、ailability of sales line for the gas;(是否有气体销售管线)7.Desirable operating pressure for the equipment;(设备要求操作压力)8.Paraffin-forming tendencies of the crude oil(原油析蜡倾向)第6页Separators(分离器)Separation(分离)of well-stream gas from free liquids is the most common and simplest form of field processing(现场加工),The equ
8、ipment most widely used for this type of processing is referred to as a separator(分离器).The separation of natural gas from liquids and/or impurities(杂质)in a separator combines gravity(重力),time,mechanical processes(机械方法),and occasionally chemicals(化学药剂).The size of the separator is dependent upon rate
9、 of flow(流量)of the natural gas and/or liquids going in the vessel(容器).The operating pressure of the vessel is dependent upon the pressure of the gas sales line(气体销售管线),the flowing pressure(流动压力)of the well,and operating pressure desired by the lease operator(矿厂操作人员).第7页Separators(分离器)are built in va
10、rious designs,such as vertical(立式),horizontal(卧式)and spherical(球型).The internals of the vessel,to aid in the mechanical separation of the gas and liquids(促进气液机械分离分离器内部构件),are of a special design,depending upon the manufacture(制造商).Although most separators are two-phase(两相)in design separating the ga
11、s and liquids,they can be built three-phase(三相)to separate natural gas,liquid hydrocarbons(液态烃),and free water(游离水).第8页Treating oil field emulsions(井场乳状液处理)An emulsion(乳状液)is a combination of two immiscible(不混相)liquids,or liquids that do not mix together under normal conditions.One of the liquids is
12、 spread out(分散),or dispersed(消散),throughout the other in the form of small droplets(小液滴).These droplets can be of all sizes,from fairly large to very small.A stable emulsion is an emulsion that will not break down(打破)without some form of treating.Oil field emulsions are usually of the water-in-oil t
13、ype(油包水型);however,a few of the emulsions are oil-in-water type(水包油型)and are called reverse emulsions(反向乳状液)第9页In order to break a crude oil emulsion(破除原油乳状液)and obtain clean oil,it is necessary to displace(破坏)the emulsifier(乳化剂)and its film(乳化膜).There are several methods used in conjunction with(共同)
14、one another to“treat”an oil emulsion.A heater-treater(加热处理器)is normally used in treating oil emulsions.The heater treater uses thermal,gravity,and sometimes chemical and/or electrical methods to break emulsions.第10页Hydrogen Sulfide(硫化氢)Removal(脱除)The presence(存在)of hydrogen sulfide in a reservoir fl
15、ow stream(油藏油流)is an added complication(增加了复杂性).The disagreeable smell(不好闻气味)of rotten eggs(臭鸡蛋),characteristics of hydrogen sulfide is extremely toxic(有毒性)and cause erosion(腐蚀).Breathing apparatus(呼吸器)of the airline mask(航空面罩)or other protective methods will be necessary for all personnel(工作人员)on s
16、uch a site(现场).A hydrogen sulfide detector(探测器)and alarm(报警器)should also be installed(安装)on the platform(平台)and arranged to indicate the presence of hydrogen sulfide in any enclosed space(封闭空间)or where a leak(泄露)is likely to occur.第11页Before gas can be sold it is necessary to remove the hydrogen sul
17、fide.this is commonly done using an amine tower(胺塔).The liquid amine(液态胺)percolating(渗滤)down through rising gas absorbs(吸收)the hydrogen sulfide.In a separate process the hydrogen sulfide is removed from the amine,which can then be recycled(循环使用).A recent development is the use of molecular sieves(分子
18、筛)to trap(吸附)the hydrogen sulfide,after which it can be recovered from the sieve in an ancillary regeneration process(辅助再生过程).第12页Dehydration of Natural gas(天然气脱水)Most natural gas contains substantial amount(相当数量)of water vapor(水蒸汽)at the time it is produced from a well or separated from an associat
19、ed(对应)crude-oil stream(原油流).Water vapor must be removed(去除)from the gas stream(气流)because it will condense(凝析)into liquid and may cause hydrate(水合物)formation as the gas is cooled from the high reservoir temperature to the cooler surface temperature.Liquid water almost always accelerates(加速)corrosion
20、(腐蚀),and the solid hydrates may pack(堆积)solidly in gas-gathering systems(集气系统),resulting in partial or complete blocking(堵塞)of flow lines(采气管线)第13页Hydrates(水合物):Hydrates are solid compounds(固体化合物)that form as crystals(晶体状)and resemble(象)snow in appearance(外表).They are created by a reaction(反应)of nat
21、ural gas with water,and when formed they are about 10 percent hydrocarbon(烃)and 90 percent water.Hydrates have a specific gravity(比重)of about 0.98 and will usually float(漂浮)in water and sink(沉入)in hydrocarbon liquids.Dehydration(脱水):The process(过程)whereby water vapors(水蒸气)-and certain other vapors a
22、s well-are removed from the gas by either absorption(吸收)or adsorption(吸附)will be referred to as dehydration.第14页Absorption(吸收):Water vapor may be removed from natural gas by bubbling the gas(气体以气泡形式)countercurrently(逆流)through certain liquids that have a special attraction(吸引力)or affinity(亲和力)for wa
23、ter.When water vapors are removed by this process,the operation is called absorption.第15页Adsorption(吸附)There are also solids(固体)that have an affinity(亲和力)for water.When gas flow through a bed of such granular solids(颗粒状固体床),the water is retained(滞留)on the surface of the particles(颗粒)of the solid mat
24、erial(固体材料).This process is called adsorption.第16页Dew point(露点):The term dew point means the temperature at which natural gas at any specified pressure is saturated with water vapor.指在任一要求压力下天然气被水蒸汽饱和时温度 Saturated(被饱和):Saturated means that the gas contains in vapor form all the water possible at the
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