科技英语中定语从句的替代用法省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

科技英语中定语从句替换使用方法第1页 引言 定语从句替换使用方法 小结第2页一、引言一、引言 因为科技英语多用于表示科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂关系，而简单句常无法完整表示出复杂科学思维，所以科技英语常会出现中心词不只有一个定语对其进行修饰限定复杂长句。为防止重复使用定语从句致使句子冗长，科技英语中常会使用起相同修饰限定作用现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、分词短语和形容词短语结构作前置定语或后置定语，来代替定语从句，以使句子结构愈加紧凑，句子表示愈加精炼。第3页二、定语从句替换使用方法二、定语从句替换使用方法u替换结构只作前置定语替换结构只作前置定语u替换结构只作后置定语替换结构只作后置定语u替换结构既能够作前置定语又能够做后置定语替换结构既能够作前置定语又能够做后置定语第4页1.1.定语从句替换结构只作前置定语使用方法定语从句替换结构只作前置定语使用方法n单个现在分词单个现在分词n单个动名词单个动名词第5页 单个现在分词含有形容词性质，能够代替定语从句起一样修饰限定作用。1.1 1.1 动词单个现在分词只作前置定语可代替定语从句动词单个现在分词只作前置定语可代替定语从句doing（主动形式）being done（被动形式）单个现在分词普通式主要表示“主动”含义，有时还能够表示动作正在进行，可代替谓语为现在时态定语从句主要强调动作现在或当初正在进行，可代替谓语为普通现在进行时被动形式定语从句第6页单个现在分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：l单个现在分词单独使用单个现在分词单独使用l单个现在分词与名词连用组成复合结构单个现在分词与名词连用组成复合结构第7页 单个现在分词可单独使用作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词，从而代替定语从句。单个现在分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句单个现在分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句Regarding product-specific risk,new FMCC products usually involve less innovation,often modifying an existing product feature such as fewer calories,newer flavor,more recyclable packaging,and so forth.modifying a product feature which/that has existed A mobile system must be adaptive to these changing conditions.to these conditions which/that are changing第8页这种结构中常见单个现在分词有“existing,naming,opposing,reducing,consuming,leading,working,following,branding,operating,changing,supporting,conflicting,varying,profiling,pricing,selling,underlying,using,computing”等。第9页单个现在分词与名词连用组成复合结构作前置定语代替定语单个现在分词与名词连用组成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句从句 单个现在分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用组成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。By determining the response of earlier adopters,this research helps inform brand-naming decisions for HT innovations.helps inform decisions which/that relate to name brandConsumers deal with unacceptable levels of risk by engaging in risk-reducing strategies.by engaging in strategies which/that can reduce risk第10页The Dowling and Staelin model is compatible with the conflict theory model of decision making,the information-processing paradigm of consumer choice,and economically based search models.the paradigm of consumer choice which/that relates to process information常见这种复合结构还有“a rubber-producing country(=a country which produces rubber 生产橡胶国家),velocity-retarding forces(=forces which retard velocity减速力),sound-absorbing materials(=materials which absorb sound 吸音材料),a fast-growing industry(=an industry which grows fast 快速发展工业),a deep diving submarine(=a submarine which can dive deeply 深潜水艇)”等。第11页 单个动名词普通式一样有两种形式，主动形式doing和被动形式being done，与单个现在分词两种形式一样。但单个动名词作定语时只是表示一个目标或用途，它所修饰中心词并不能发出它所表示动作。1.2 1.2 单个动名词只作前置定语代替定语从句单个动名词只作前置定语代替定语从句a writing instrument 书写/统计仪器（“仪器”并不会“书写/统计”）an instrument which is used for writing第12页a driving-mirror 驾驶镜 a mirror which/that is used for driving a receiving set 接收机 a set which/that is used for receiving signalsthe freezing point 冰点 he point at which it freezes第13页2.2.定语从句替换结构只作后置定语使用方法定语从句替换结构只作后置定语使用方法n介词短语介词短语n动词分词短语动词分词短语n形容词短语形容词短语第14页2.1 2.1 介词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句介词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句 常见于“with结构”介词短语，通常表示所修饰成份所属，状态等。Accordingly,a new product with a new brand name will likely carry more uncertainty and risk than a brand extension,assuming a fit between the brand and the new product.a new product which/that has a new brand name第15页Applications with hard real-time constraints are more difficult to offload.Applications which/that are set with hard real-time constraintsThis significant difference indicates that these individuals evaluated the incremental smart phone more favorably with a new than an existing brand name.smart phone more favorably which/that has a new than an existing brand name第16页2.2 2.2 动词分词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句动词分词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句 分词短语只能作后置定语修饰限定中心词，从而代替定语从句。As a consequence,consumers are more uncertain about the potential flaws involved in such an immature technology,which are often corrected only in later versions.the potential flaws which involved in such an immature technology第17页In total,2600 posts supplied by 393 individuals were downloaded from the two online discussion forums;the total number of posts made by each group was approximately equal.2600 posts which/that were supplied by 393 individualsthe total number of posts which/that were made by each groupThe characteristics were defined with the help of a group of 11 marketing managers working for a large mobile technology company.11 marketing managers who worked for a large mobile technology company第18页2.3 2.3 形容词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句形容词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句 There are many stars larger than the sun.There are many stars which/that are larger than the sun.An example of this is motion parallel to the earths surface.motion which/that is parallel to the earths surface.Something as small as a worm may be composed of millions of cells.Something that is as small as a worm第19页3.3.定语从句替换结构既可作前置定语又可作定语从句替换结构既可作前置定语又可作 后置定语使用方法后置定语使用方法 在替换定语从句结构中，单个动词过去分词很特殊，其一样含有形容词性质，能够代替定语从句修饰限定，但它既能够作前置定语，也能够作后置定语。单个过去分词主要表示被动含义（即与其相关名词接收该动作），有时还可表示动作完成，与被修饰词组成逻辑上被动主谓关系，所以能够代替谓语为被动或完成定语从句。第20页3.1 3.1 单个过去分词可作前置定语代替定语从从句单个过去分词可作前置定语代替定语从从句 单个过去分词通惯用作前置定语代替定语从句，这时其含有很强形容词特点，强调是某种状态。单个过去分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：l单个过去分词单独使用单个过去分词单独使用l单个过去分词与名词连用组成复合结构单个过去分词与名词连用组成复合结构第21页 单个过去分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句单个过去分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句On the other hand,branding theory advocates using established brand names to reduce the perceived risk of a new product purchase.advocates using brand that has been establishedto reduce the risk of a new product purchase that can be perceived第22页As mentioned,Klink and Athaide()find that while later adopters favor known brands,earlier adopters favor new brand names on FMCG products.find that while later adopters favor brands which/that are knownAs expected,the consumer innovativeness brand name interaction is significant and in the predicted direction(=0.053,p b 0.05).in the direction which/that is predicted第23页the unwanted signals 不需要信号 the signals which/that are not wanteda widely used alloy 一个使用广泛合金 an alloy which/that is widely useda radio controlled device 一台由无线电控制设备 a device which is controlled by radio常见作前置定语单个过去分词有“perceived,curved,established,handled,bottled,considered,favored,implied,related,focused,known,preferred,controlled,selected,predicted,accepted,sophisticated,constrained,limited,distributed,defined,given,wired,proposed,assumed,fixed,started,complicated,identified,oversized”等。第24页单个过去分词与名词连用组成复合结构作前置定语代替单个过去分词与名词连用组成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句定语从句 单个过去分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用组成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。Computation offloading is a method of saving energy and time on resource-constrained mobile devices by executing some tasks on the cloud.saving energy and time on mobile devices of which the resource is constrained第25页a man-made satellite 一颗人造卫星 a satellite which/that has been made by manmotor-driven equipment 电动机驱动设备 equipment which/that is driven by a motor 第26页3.2 3.2 单个过去分词只作后置定语单个过去分词只作后置定语 当强调过去分词所表示动作概念时，通常将单个过去分词后置，这时其含有较强动词性质，加强了分词所表示动作概念。另外，当单个过去分词用于回指前句中已经被说明动作时，只能放在被修饰词后作后置定语。Section 3 describes the research methods employed,which include an experimental study and a field study.Section 3 describes the research methods which/that are employed第27页Thus,adaptive offloading systems need to automatically determine the amount of energy consumed,and develop the energy profile for different applications.determine the amount of energy which/that is consumedOne offloading technique proposed is utilization of other mobile devices available nearby.One offloading technique which/that is proposed第28页 科技英语句式结构紧凑、简练、严谨特点，使得定语从句替换使用方法在科技英语中被广泛应用。定语从句替换使用方法不但准确地表示出了句子含义，而且有效地防止了句子冗长，而且突出了重点、增强了句子逻辑性，使句子结构愈加紧凑，也是句子愈加简练、精炼。所以在今后科技英语学习及写作中，我们能够多使用这一替换使用方法。三、小结三、小结 第29页Thank you!第30页