专四语法讲解虚拟语气省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

虚拟语气虚拟语气第1页1.主从句谓语动词时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词规范搭配:主主 句句从从 句句与现在事实相反与现在事实相反would/would/情态动词情态动词过去式过去式+do+dowere(were(不分人称不分人称)/did)/did 与过去事实相反与过去事实相反would/would/情态动词情态动词过去式过去式+have+have done done had donehad done与未来事实相反would/would/情态动词情态动词过去式过去式+do+doshould do/were should do/were to doto do第2页真题举例：n n1.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd people there.（00,49）n nA.werent B.hasnt been n nC.hadnt been D.wouldnt be n nCn n 第3页n nIf there were no subjunctive mood,English _ If there were no subjunctive mood,English _ much easier to learn.(09,52)much easier to learn.(09,52)n nA.could have been B.would beA.could have been B.would ben nC.will be D.would have beenC.will be D.would have beenn nBBn n_ for the fact that she broke her leg,she might _ for the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the exam.(02,60have passed the exam.(02,60）n nA.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenA.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenn nC.Was it not D.Were it notC.Was it not D.Were it notn nAA第4页n n(2)(2)区分主从句表示不一样时间概念：区分主从句表示不一样时间概念：n n主从句谓语动词所指时间不一样，这叫做错综时主从句谓语动词所指时间不一样，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应依据实际情况来调整。如：间条件句，动词形式应依据实际情况来调整。如：n nHad it not been for the timely investment from the Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.as it is.n n(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)n nHad Paul received six more votes in the last election,he Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he would be our chairman now.would be our chairman now.n n(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)第5页真题举例：真题举例：n n1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_muchbetterresultsnow.(08,52)she_muchbetterresultsnow.(08,52)n nA.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotA.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotn nC.mustgetD.wouldgetC.mustgetD.wouldgetn nDDn n2._ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyou2._ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?(04,54)knowbeforehand?(04,54)n nA.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedA.WouldyoubesurprisedB.Wereyousurprisedn nC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.WouldyouhavebeenC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprisedsurprisedn nAA第6页n n(3)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：识别事实和假设混合句：n nYour math instructor would have been happy to give Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子句子前半部分为假设情况，而前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了父母病了”是事实是事实)n nI would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I was fully occupied the whole been at all possible,but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(of last week.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)第7页真题举例：真题举例：n n1.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.（07,60）n nA.hadhadB.hasn nC.hadD.wouldhaven nC第8页2.名词性从句虚拟形式n n从句谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。n n(1)以下表示提议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中动词用虚拟形式：n ndesire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,propose,prefer,urge,vote。第9页n n(2)(2)以下形容词和分词做表语或补语时，以下形容词和分词做表语或补语时，thatthat主语从句中动主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：词用虚拟形式：n nadvisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essentialessential,imperativeimperative,important,important,necessarynecessary,obligatory,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprisedsurprised。如。如：n nTheboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeTheboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.printedrightaway.n nItisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.第10页真题举例：真题举例：n n1.Itisabsolutely1.ItisabsolutelyessentialessentialthatWilliamthatWilliam_hishisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)studyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)n nA.willcontinueB.continuedA.willcontinueB.continuedn nC.continueD.continuesC.continueD.continuesn nCCn n2.Itis2.Itisimperativeimperativethatthegovernmentthatthegovernment_moremoreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)investmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)n nA.attractsB.shallattractA.attractsB.shallattractn nC.attractD.hastoattractC.attractD.hastoattractn nCC第11页n n3.Itisimperativethatstudents_theirterm3.Itisimperativethatstudents_theirtermpapersontime.(o4,56papersontime.(o4,56）n nA.handinB.wouldhandinA.handinB.wouldhandinn nC.havetohandinD.handedinC.havetohandinD.handedinn nAAn n4.Itisnecessarythathe_theassignment4.Itisnecessarythathe_theassignmentwithoutdelay.(10,60)withoutdelay.(10,60)n nA.handinB.handsinA.handinB.handsinn nC.musthandinD.hastohandinC.musthandinD.hastohandinn nAA第12页n n5.I am surprised _ this city is a dull place to live in.(,57)n nA.that you should thinkn nB.by what you are thinkingn nC.that you would thinkn nD.with what you were thinkingn nA第13页n n(3)(3)以下名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中以下名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：动词用虚拟形式：n ninsistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：n nJohn Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.第14页真题举例真题举例n n He left orders that nothing _ touched until the police arrived here.(97,43)n nA.should be B.ought to be n nC.must be D.would be n nA第15页n nI wish+that n n用于wish后面从句，表示与事实相反情况，或表示未来不太可能实现愿望。其宾语从句动词形式为：第16页真实情况WishWish后后从句动作与主句从句动作与主句动作同时发生动作同时发生 现在时现在时过去时（be过去式为 were）从句动作先于主从句动作先于主句动作发生句动作发生过去时过去时过去完成时过去完成时（had+had+过去分过去分词）词）未来不大可能实现愿望 未来时would/could+would/could+动词原形动词原形 第17页n nI wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲那样话。I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。第18页3.含蓄虚拟条件句谓语动词形式n n含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不经过含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不经过if if从句表示，而是暗含从句表示，而是暗含在其它结构中。在其它结构中。n n(1)(1)连词连词but,but that,or,or elsebut,but that,or,or else；副词；副词otherwise,unfortunatelyotherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：等表示转折假设。如：n nAsafetyanalysisAsafetyanalysiswould have identifiedwould have identifiedthetargetasthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.apotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.n nVictorobviouslydoesntknowwhatshappened;Victorobviouslydoesntknowwhatshappened;otherwiseheotherwisehewouldnt have madewouldnt have madesuchastupidsuchastupidremark.remark.n nIusedmycalculator;Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseotherwise I Id have takend have takenmuchmuchlonger.longer.第19页n n(2)(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，惯用有：介词短语暗含假设条件，惯用有：without,butwithout,butfor,undermorefavorableconditionsfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：等。如：n nButforyourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）n nThestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.n nWithoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.第20页n n(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式普通式暗示虚拟语气。n n如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.n n(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：n nIshouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidnt.第21页真题举例：真题举例：n n1.You_Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhis1.You_Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(00,48)business.(00,48)A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellA.neednthavetoldB.neednttell n nC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttelln nAAn n2.Arentyoutired?I_youhaddoneenoughfor2.Arentyoutired?I_youhaddoneenoughfortoday.(09,61)today.(09,61)n nA.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtA.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtn nC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethoughtn nA A 第22页n n3.You _ Mark anything.It was none of his business.(98,52)n nA.neednt have told B.neednt telln nC.mustnt have told D.mustnt telln nA第23页4.惯用虚拟形式句型n n(1)(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟句从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟句型：型：n nwouldratherwouldassoonwouldratherwouldassoonn nasthoughsupposeasthoughsupposen nhadratherwouldsoonerhadratherwouldsoonern nasifsupposingasifsupposingn nIfonlyIfonlyn nItis(high)timethatItis(high)timethat(从句中动词只用过去式从句中动词只用过去式)第24页n nIwouldratherhavecoffeethantea.n n-Johnwantstoseeyoutoday.n n-Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.n nIdratheryouhadnttoldmeaboutit.n nIdjustassoonworkathomeandnothavethehassleofthesubwayeverymorning.IwouldjustassoonyoudidntdrivethecarwhileImgone.第25页n n(2)If it were not for(2)If it were not for(与现在事实相反与现在事实相反)n nIf it had not been for(If it had not been for(与过去事实相反与过去事实相反)相当于相当于but forbut for。如：。如：n nIf it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.would not have succeeded.n n_ for the fact that she broke her leg,she might _ for the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the exam.(02,60have passed the exam.(02,60）n nA.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenA.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenn nC.Was it not D.Were it notC.Was it not D.Were it notn nAA第26页(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.第27页Lest使用方法n nLestLestn nconj.conj.用于用于用于用于fear,be afraidfear,be afraid之后之后之后之后,等于等于等于等于thatthat所连接状语从句所连接状语从句所连接状语从句所连接状语从句里惯用里惯用里惯用里惯用shouldshould或原形动词或原形动词或原形动词或原形动词 以免；生怕；唯恐以免；生怕；唯恐n n例子：例子：Be careful lest you fall from that tree.Be careful lest you fall from that tree.要当心要当心,以免以免从树上摔下来。从树上摔下来。n nI was afraid lest he might come too late.I was afraid lest he might come too late.我怕他来得太晚。我怕他来得太晚。n nlestlest从句普通要用虚拟语气，形式是从句普通要用虚拟语气，形式是从句普通要用虚拟语气，形式是从句普通要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+should+动词原动词原动词原动词原形形形形”或省掉或省掉或省掉或省掉shouldshould。for fear thatfor fear that和和和和in casein case从句普通用虚从句普通用虚从句普通用虚从句普通用虚拟语气，但有时也能够用陈说语气。拟语气，但有时也能够用陈说语气。拟语气，但有时也能够用陈说语气。拟语气，但有时也能够用陈说语气。n nin case+in case+主语主语主语主语+动词可跟在陈说句或命令句后面：动词可跟在陈说句或命令句后面：动词可跟在陈说句或命令句后面：动词可跟在陈说句或命令句后面：lestlest除除在较正式书面英语中出现外，普通不惯用。在较正式书面英语中出现外，普通不惯用。I obeyed I obeyed her lest she should be angry.her lest she should be angry.我得顺着她，省得她生气。我得顺着她，省得她生气。第28页让步状语从句中虚拟语气让步状语从句中虚拟语气Though,if,even if,even though,whatever,however,granted that 等连接代词或副词引导让步状语从句中能够使用虚拟语气，不过主句普通用直陈语气。Eg:However dangerous it might be,I would have a try.We wont change our plan even if the rumor be true.第29页n n（2 2）在在在在whateverwhatever，whicheverwhichever，wheneverwhenever，whoeverwhoever，whereverwherever，howeverhowever，no matter wh-no matter wh-word word 等引导让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构等引导让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构等引导让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构等引导让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：为：为：为：n n may+may+动词原形（指现在或未来）。动词原形（指现在或未来）。动词原形（指现在或未来）。动词原形（指现在或未来）。如：如：n n We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever may happenmay happen.n n不论发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。不论发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。n nWe will find him wherever/no matter where he We will find him wherever/no matter where he may may bebe.n n不论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。不论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。n n第30页n n may+完成式（指过去）完成式（指过去），主句结构不限。，主句结构不限。如：n nYou mustnt be proud whatever/no matter what great progress you may have made.不论你取得了多么大进步，你也不能骄傲（from ）。n nWe must respect him no matter what/whatever mistakes he may have made.不论他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。n n第31页n n（3）在在though，although等引导让步状语等引导让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should+动动词原形，主句结构不限。词原形，主句结构不限。如：n nAlthough/Though he should often be late，he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。n nAlthough/Though he should be secretary，he must obey the rules.尽管他是书记，他也必须恪守要求。第32页Though 和 as 区分n n1、as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而though引导让步状语从句时能够倒装也能够不倒装。引导让步状语从句时能够倒装也能够不倒装。n n如：n n即使很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。n n正：Late as though it was,we still went on working.n n正：Though Although it was late,we still went on working.n n误：Late although it was,we still went on working.n n误：As it was late,we still went on working.第33页n n2、though 能够放在主句后面，用逗号隔开，能够放在主句后面，用逗号隔开，as 不能够。不能够。n nStrange though it may sound,I was pleased it was over.n n=I was pleased it was over，strange though it may sound.第34页(5)whetheror有时谓语用be原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种使用方法经常采取倒装结构。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.第35页n n3、在、在“开放式条件句开放式条件句”(通常表示一个极通常表示一个极可能发生事情可能发生事情)和让步状语从句中和让步状语从句中should是是被省略了。在这种情况下，假如被省略了。在这种情况下，假如if省略，动省略，动词词be与主语位置要倒装。与主语位置要倒装。n n如：、If any person be guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to appeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Be any person guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to appeal.第36页n、Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my support.(不论她是对还是错，我都会支持她。)Be she right or wrong,she will have my support.n n注意：假如条件从句为否定式，要将注意：假如条件从句为否定式，要将not置于主置于主语之后，而不置于主语之前。语之后，而不置于主语之前。n n比如：n n要不是我亲眼所见，我都不会相信了。n n误：Hadnt I seen it with my own eyes,I would not have believed it.n n正：Had I not seen it with my own eyes,I would not have believed it.第37页would rather(than)使用方法 n n一、一、would rather意思是意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好好、还是为好”，后接动词原形，后接动词原形,常省略为常省略为d rather，表示优先选择一个方式，表示优先选择一个方式 n n其其否定形式否定形式是是would rather not do sth。would rather没有些人称和数改变，全部人称一律用没有些人称和数改变，全部人称一律用would rather。第38页n n“would rather+动词原形动词原形”是英语中常见一个惯是英语中常见一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would(had)在此决无在此决无“过去过去”之意，它是一个情态助之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态改变。动词，且无词性、时态改变。n n例：例：n nIf youd rather be alone,well all leave here.假如假如你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。n nHed rather work in the countryside.他宁可到农他宁可到农村去工作。村去工作。第39页n n二、二、假如在二者中进行取舍，表示假如在二者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿宁愿而而不愿不愿，与其，与其宁可宁可”意思时，则可用意思时，则可用would ratherthan或或wouldrather than句句型型 n n例：例：n n I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema.n n我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。n nThe children would walk there rather than take a bus.n n孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。第40页n n请注意请注意:n n1）would ratherthan/wouldrather than也能够颠倒为：也能够颠倒为：rather thanwould。Would(rather)和和than后都接不带后都接不带to动词不定式，动词不定式，若选取动词相同，那么若选取动词相同，那么than 后动词能够省略。后动词能够省略。n n例例:I would rather have noodles than rice.我宁愿我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。吃面条也不吃米饭。n nRather than work in such bad condition,he would give up.与其在这么差条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。与其在这么差条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。第41页n n2)使用使用would ratherthan句型时要注意句型时要注意“平行平行结构结构”，即在，即在than 前后要用两个同类词或词组，前后要用两个同类词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。n n例例:n n I would rather go to work by bike than by bus.n n我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。n nI would rather talk with his mother than with his father.n n我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。第42页n n三、在疑问句式中，三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与与would ratherthan中中would要放在主语之前要放在主语之前 n n例例 Would you rather stay here or go home?你愿意你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？呆在这里，还是回家？n nWhich would you rather have,apples or bananas?你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？n nWould you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗诵诗歌吗？你宁愿看小说而不愿朗诵诗歌吗？第43页n n四、四、would rather/sooner和和prefer/would prefer区分区分:would rather和和would sooner之间普通没有之间普通没有区分，但经常接触到是区分，但经常接触到是would rather。n n例例:n nTom would rather/sooner read than talk n n汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。n n Tom prefers reading to tal