全球制造业运营成本研究.pdf
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1、Manufacturing InstituteCost of manufacturing operations around the globeContentsThis report is a result of a collaboration between KPMG and The Manufacturing Institute.Executive summary 1Introduction 3What are the“Costs of Doing Business”?5Developing the index 7Results 8Conclusions 15Appendix A:Data
2、 sources 17Appendix B:Review of other studies 27Appendix C:Shortlist of comparison countries 29Appendix D:Index methodology 32Appendix E:Real estate data sources in various cities 35 2020 KPMG LLP,a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organization of independe
3、nt member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited,a private English company limited by guarantee.All rights reserved.The KPMG name and logo are trademarks used under license by the independent member firms of the KPMG global organization.NDP08974-1AGlossaryTermDefinitionAccess to internet/W
4、i-FiThe percentage of each countrys population that has used the internet within the last three monthsAirport connectivityThe International Air Transportation Authoritys(IATA)airport connectivity indicator,which measures the degree of integration of a country within the global air transport networkB
5、urden of government regulationThe burden of government regulation as measured by business executives response to the question:“In your country,how burdensome is it for companies to comply with public administrations requirements(e.g.,permits,regulations,reporting)?”CoDBCost of Doing Business(CoDB)re
6、fers to the direct and indirect costs incurred by businesses engaged in manufacturing operations.Corporate tax ratesStatutory corporate tax rates,including federal and provincial tax rates but excluding tax incentives for certain types of businessesCorruption perception indexA measure of experts and
7、 business peoples perceptions of corruption in the public sector,including both the frequency and magnitude of corrupt behaviors as well as the strength of anticorruption measuresDays to start businessThe number of days it takes for a small-to medium-size limited liability company to start up and fo
8、rmally operate in each economys largest business city,as calculated by the World BankElectric power losses(%of output)Measures the percentage of a countrys energy output that is lost in transmission and distributionEnforcing contractsA measure of the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute
9、through a local first-instance court and the quality of judicial processes index,evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and efficiency in the court systemExposure to unsafe drinking water The risk-weighted percentage of the population exposed to u
10、nsafe drinking waterHourly compensation costsThe average price firms must pay for an hour of an employees labor,including hourly pay for time worked,hourly direct benefits,and hourly social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxesInterest ratesThe monetary policy-related interest rates reporte
11、d by the IMF for each country.Discount rates were used where monetary-policy interest rates were not available from the IMF.Learning-adjusted years of schoolingThe expected years of schooling for all residents multiplied by the countrys relative scoring on international tests such as PISA or TIMSSLi
12、ner shipping connectivity indexA measure of each countrys connectivity to global shipping networks based on five components of the maritime transport sector:the number of ships,their container-carrying capacity,the maximum vessel size,the number of services,and the number of companies that deploy co
13、ntainer ships in a countrys ports 2020 KPMG LLP,a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited,a private English company limited by guarantee.All rights reserved.The KPMG name and logo
14、are trademarks used under license by the independent member firms of the KPMG global organization.NDP08974-1ATermDefinitionPolitical riskMeasures the likelihood of a risk caused by political and assimilated events connected to cross-border transactions with a risk horizon beyond one yearPrimary cost
15、sCosts that directly affect a firms bottom line and can be easily expressed in dollars.These cost factors include expenses such as wages,utilities,real estate costs,and taxes.Protecting minority investorsA measure of the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets
16、 by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights,governance safeguards,and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuseRailroad qualityThe quality of railroads as measured by business executives response to the question:“In your country,how efficient(i.e.,freq
17、uency,punctuality,speed,price)are train transport services?”Real estate costsThe average monthly rent per square foot for industrial properties in each country.Real value added per employeeThe net output of the manufacturing sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs,divi
18、ded by the number of workers employed by the manufacturing sector(including part-time and self-employed employees)Registering propertyA measure of the steps,time,and cost involved in registering a property,assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that
19、 is already registered and free of title disputeReliability of water supplyThe reliability of the water supply as measured by business executives response to the question:“In your country,how reliable is the water supply(lack of interruptions and flow fluctuations)?”Road quality indexThe quality of
20、roadways as measured by business executives response to the question:“In your country,what is the quality(extensiveness and condition)of road infrastructure?”Secondary costsFactors that impact overhead costs and the firms ability to operate efficiently.The secondary factors are typically related to
21、the business environment or the ease of doing business.Skill set of graduatesThe skill set of graduates as measured by business executives response to the question:“In your country,to what extent do graduating students from secondary education possess the skills needed by businesses?”and“In your cou
22、ntry,to what extent do graduating students from university possess the skills needed by businesses?”MIThe Manufacturing Institute is the research and education partner of the National Association of Manufacturers,a trade group for manufacturers in the United States.Utility costsThe average price per
23、 kilowatt-hour(converted to USD)of electricity paid by all businesses and households in each country,excluding taxes and tariffs.5Cost of manufacturing operations around the globe 2020 KPMG LLP,a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent
24、member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited,a private English company limited by guarantee.All rights reserved.The KPMG name and logo are trademarks used under license by the independent member firms of the KPMG global organization.NDP08974-1AThe competitiveness of the manufacturing sect
25、or in the United States has been discussed extensively in the press and economic literature in recent years.This joint study by KPMG and the Manufacturing Institute(MI)provides a current assessment of how the U.S.compares to its main trading partners as a location for manufacturing.Specifically,this
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