被动语态讲义.doc

被动语态
一． 主动语态变被动语态
引入：大家喜欢快乐大本营的哪位主持人？
我最喜欢我们的马兰坡坡姐--谢娜，到了一种爱的程度
I love X.
这句话动作的发出者和承受者分别是谁？
我，谢娜是吧？那我说我爱谢娜可以换种说话吗？
谢娜被我爱是吧？那大家知道把这句话变成被动句怎么变吗？
小学我们语文学过变化句子是吧？
肯定是把动作的发出者和承受者要调换位置的，
所以说被动语态的特点是：句子的主语是动作的承受者
但是只是调换动词的发出者和承受者是仅仅不够的
（一）被动语态是怎样构成的呢？助动词be+动词的过去分词
我们都知道动词的过去分词肯定不能改变的对吧？
助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
那就看助动词be是怎么变化的吧？
一般现在时？ am/is/are
一般过去时？ was/were
一般将来时？ will/shall/be going to be
现在进行时？ am/is/are+being
现在完成时？ have/has+been
过去进行时？ was/were+being
过去完成时？ had+been
过去将来时？ would/should/be going to be
含情态动词： can/may/must+be+done
用一般现在时练习主动句变被动句
例句：我们都知道小明老师多才多艺哈？
今天来学校的路上碰到了，他说想上课给大家唱歌
他唱英文歌这句话怎么说？句子造对了我们就听歌。
He sings an English song.
根据被动语态的构成将这句话变成被动句
An English song is singed by him.
1. 宾语变主语，是人称代词，宾格要变成主格
2. 主语变宾语，主格变成宾格，由by引导
3. 谓语动词变成相应的被动形式
三步走：主变宾，宾变主，动词时态be+done
再找同学变几个被动句式：
He plants trees in spring.
His brother washes bowls every day.
They make shoes in that factory.
She gives me a book.(双宾陷阱题)带双宾语变被动
既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，保留直接宾语；也可以将直接宾语转化成主语，保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。
I am given a book.
A book is given to me.
再举例：碰到一个男老师，他抽烟，顺便递给我一根
He passes me a cigarette.
He buys me flowers.
Flowers are bought for me.

宾补结构变被动语态
宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成宾补结构。例：We call her "小燕子".
变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处。
我们让小明老师唱英文歌
We ask him to sing an English song.
He is asked to sing an English song.
I hear Jane playing the piano in her room.
Jane is heard playing the piano in her room.
（二） 各种时态的被动语态的结构：
1. 一般现在时
构成：do/does
被动语态：am/is/are+done
2. 一般过去时
构成：did
被动语态：was/were+done
3. 一般将来时
构成：will/shall/be going to+do
被动语态：will/shall/be going to+be+done
4. 现在进行时
构成：am/is/are+doing
被动语态：was/were+being+done
5. 现在完成时
构成：had+done
被动语态：had+been+done
6. 过去进行时
构成：was/were+doing
被动语态：was/were+being+done
7. 过去完成时
构成：had+done
被动语态:had+been+done
8. 过去将来时
构成：would/should/be going to+do
被动语态：would/should/be going to+be+done

二．主动表被动
1. open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,drive,run经营
后面加副词，主动表被动 well，easily
The pen writes smoothly.这只笔用着很顺畅
Clothes sold well. 衣服卖得很好
This paper reads easily.这篇文章读起来很容易
The pany runs well. 公司经营的很好
Write,sell,lock,run
有时也用被动sold out
H他被安排打扫教室
2. Look,sound,taste,smell,feel系动词用主动结构表被动意义。
系动词我们用棒棒糖的例子都记得吧？那五句话怎么说的？
It looks small.
It sounds clear.
It smells good.
It feels hard.
It tastes delicious.
翻译这五句话，都是被动的含义，但是不用被动形式，主动表被动
被动还原to
这五个词是感官连系动词，还有类似的容易混淆的感官动词，比如：
大家都知道凤姐去美国了吧？凤姐最近又有什么新闻知道吗？
有人看到凤姐在美国给人洗脚
We see her serve as a waitress in the U.S.
see sb. do/doing（可能要区分这两个区别）
变被动语态还是主动表被动吗？不是的
刚刚讲过我们让小明老师唱英文歌的例子还记得吧？
We ask him to sing an English song.
ask sb. to do
to后面接的是什么成分？宾补，多数有to，少数的省略掉了
省略掉的初中需要掌握的只有两类，一起来看有哪两类？
凤姐被人看到在美国给人洗脚
She is seen serve as a waitress in the U.S. by us.
第一类感官动词：see，hear，watch，notice+do sth.
区分see do，see doing
被动还原to的还有一种词，比如说：
今天好几个人迟到，迟到的每人罚十块钱，结束了一起买好吃的，我们选一个人收钱，就选赵薇了
We make her collect money.
She is made to collect money.
Make意思是让...使...,叫做使役动词
使役动词：let，make，have+do sth.
3. 在be worth doing中，doing表被动意义。
4. Want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/require+to be done。to be done表示不定式的被动结构。
要讲！！！物作主语时 重点！！！

三． 无被动语态
1. 不及物动词和动词短语不能用于被动语态
happen,take place,belong to,disappear!!
只讲这一个就好！！！
常见的：happen,appear,disappear,fail,last,rise,remain
e true,break out,fall asleep,take place
例句：After the fire, very little remained of my house.
(错) The price has been risen.
　 (对) The price has risen.
　 (错) The accident was happened last week.　　　
　 (对) The accident happened last week.
　 (错) The price has raised.　　　　　　　　　　
　 (对) The price has been raised.
　 (错) Please seat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　 (对) Please be seated.
2.主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用于被动语态。
The man introduced himself.
Himself was introduced错误！！
They help each other study English.
Each other is helped study ...错误！！
3.当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时，不能用于被动语态。
We will have a meeting.
A meeting will be had by us.错误！！
常见的：have，hold，rise，lock，fit,wish,notice
agree with,happen to,suffer from,belong to
例句：This key just fits the lock.
　 Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
4.主动句的宾语是不定式或doing时，不能用作被动语态中的主语。
My brother enjoys watching TV.
Watching TV is enjoyed by my brother.错误！！！
He asked to have a try.
To have a try was asked.错误！！！