建设中成本工程系统的发展.doc

建设中成本工程系统的开发作者:期刊：Procedia Engineering 153 (2016） 131 135摘要：塑造专业的施工管理方法论的基础可以看做关于建设定价的一个新的方向发展建设中成本工程系统的发展(工程施工成本）投资费用的整合评估，预估价，合同价，实际费用的估价，并且使上述的过程能够连接和管理。同时建设上的成本工程的观念也修整着工程，技术和全过程的技术基础与建设成本的定义直接或间接相关。这篇文章介绍了作者的考虑成本工程的创建和实现系统在建设国家，领土和企业的水平。关键词：系统；成本工程；工程造价；成本管理；定价1. 前言现代系统的建设不仅包括在设计阶段的预算定价发展还包括其他阶段的确定建筑产品成本的投资和施工过程。当前的定价体系建设不再满足投资和建设的参与者的需要(主要是国家为主要参与者的需要有效的预算投资)。整个系统的形成和建设成本管理的基本方法的改变是必要的。就这一点而言,改善施工定价应该通过过渡到一个新的建设成本管理系统（工程施工成本)来实现，结合投资成本的初步评估、估计价格、合同价格、实际成本确定的系统，并且使上述的过程能够连接和管理.施工成本管理提供了投资和施工过程阶段的连接,并且从一种成本转换到另一种-从投资到预算，从预算到合同,从合同到实际，从实际到运营成本（关于重建，资本和现场维修）和设施的投资成本为未来的实施制定计划.工程成本涉及到建设中工程成本的定价方法，因此，规章制度由城镇规划的规则构成，公民和投资法、技术法规的规定等.与此同时，造价师只解决一些已列出的合法行为规范问题.在这方面没有系统的专业的法规。作者认为,这种系统的概念模型应该包括以下几点:l 国家规定(法律、法规、国家监督）；l 自我调节-标准化、专业认证（标准、规则、程序、许可、责任、控制);l 领土的监管成本管理与考虑区域特性的俄罗斯地区的工程建设系统开发（集的规则、订单、控制、监督)；l 企业准则-政府和其他企业在建设中制定和实施成本管理系统（企业标准，地方性法规、有关部门、内部控制）.需要开发高效和可控成本工程系统现在被许多投资和建筑业的主要参与者意识到状态，俄罗斯联邦地区，国有企业和其他企业。2。建设中企业成本工程系统的开发国际工程成本一直是一个独立的专业活动。工程投资和生产成本的管理方法广泛应用于工业和基本建设.在俄罗斯成本工程的理念及其它的适应在俄罗斯范围是通过主要大型公共建筑领域企业和大量的建设发展的。一些大型企业已经表示需要全职的开发和实现成本管理系统的建设。成本工程领域创建自我调节专业社区，旨在通过一个监管的发展和方法论的形成控制其成员的活动和管理方法的工程造价,各个阶段的投资和建设过程的发展系统工程标准成本。资本投资建设是一个大公司的投资政策不可分割的一部分，不管其主要活动。因此,开发一个系统的可靠和透明的建筑成本的定义对于国家和市政客户比企业是更紧急的。近年来，越来越多的公司在建设的每个阶段针对优化他们的资本投资发展和实施了成本工程系统.拟议的项目的系统设计是根据工艺规划的路线图原理，包括一组当地监管公司文件（标准、程序、规定），如图1所示。该系统被用作允许公司来控制任何阶段投资和建设项目生命周期的定价过程。3。实现和开发在国家和地区的水平的建设成本工程系统成本工程系统的区域有效的应用不仅限于自动调整的专业组织和企业.国家和地方规定的定价最终追求相同的企业目标一个系统的创立，施工成本的管理和控制.因此，工程成本的概念在基础建设发展的定价控制系统在国家、地区和城市的水平上是值得被应用的。“路线图的发展和实现“建设中价值工程系统的开发”企业为确定基础工程建设成本而开发和批准的规则单一定价的过程全过程的投资和施工流程“透视价格管制全类型的建设成本管理(边际成本，预算成本,合同成本，实际成本）投资活动的使用对象系统的方法论的支持预算规范开发的方法论资源监控的顺序标准系统工程边际成本测定的标准工程预算成本测定的标准初始(最大值）合同价格测定的标准工程实际成本测定的标准规范的现代化系统开放的信息环境职业教育体系和标准化的专家图1 企业系统工程的施工成本行业定价正在积极发展。例如,俄罗斯建设部已经准备和发布如下:项目的联邦法律“在俄罗斯联邦城市规划的修改代码和某些俄罗斯联邦立法行为有关规定在城市规划领域的定价和预算”（所谓的法律建设的定价），价格和预算的概念建设改革。这不仅意味着俄罗斯联邦关于定价的规定和预算在建筑设计阶段改变城市规划代码，还意味着法律行为在资本投资计划和采购程序的过程阶段规范了工程造价形成。因此，在不同阶段的投资和建设过程，拟议的立法变更全面覆盖着施工定价。为了发展成本的系统工程建设需要创建和批准文件施工定价与立法监管相联系，并在系统中占据了中心位置-联邦标准成本工程施工(工程造价定义的标准)规范统一的过程,在不同阶段的投资和施工过程中一般原则和控制的目的和成本形成。本文档将提供一个明确的合法的法律法规的要求和程序之间的联系,程序从一种成本过渡到另一个，专业知识和成本控制的过程。覆盖整个投资和施工过程，工程造价将用一个统一的监管方法形成明确的规则来确定各种成本：l l边际成本，规划阶段的资本投资分配的基本建设项目；l l预算成本，项目文档的准备和基本建设项目的专业知识；l l初始（最大)的公共采购合同价格,对基本建设项目的建设工作，某些类型的工作；l l实际成本-在基本建设项目的建设和调试阶段；l l维修成本在基本建设项目的操作.联邦标准必须提供和支持建设定价机制改革的本质和原则，成为第一个有效的改造建设定价系统的工具，允许确定和管理成本。采用这样的公文将允许过渡到一个工程的施工成本系统.本文的开发从任何来源资助必须提供一致性的方法来确定所有的投资和建设项目的建设成本。创建联邦标准成本管理系统的原则的主要工具是由下列规定:l l全过程的投资和施工流程“透视”价格管制；l l每个阶段的成本投资和建设过程的连续性、透明度和问责制，并且从一个阶段过渡到另一个阶段;l l遵守城市规划立法和其他俄罗斯联邦法律和监管法律的行为包含规则，控制着俄罗斯联邦的定价问题，由俄罗斯建设部在城市开发领域遵守并实施国家价格政策.l l联邦标准投资和施工过程的每个阶段设置以下:部分成本；系统适用的法规；通用程序来确定成本，参照相应的规范和方法论的规定；法规、主题和成本控制的领域。国家规范的系统方法论的监管成本工程建设由作者开发的图2所示.联邦标准的建设成本决定文档规范总则、组成和结构系统的规范性和方法论的支持，一般程序成本决定投资和施工过程阶段方法论的支持定价专家对于预算规范开发人员程序评估准则方法资本投资计划决定边际成本的程序工程价格规范,结构决策的价格规范综合预算开发的方法编制项目文档决定工程预算成本的程序工程预算,单位成本分项预算的方法采购程序决定初始成本的程序综合工程预算：系数利息指数.。监控资源的成本基本建设项目的建设支付工作的程序指数计算的方法。.。.。.图2所示,国家监管和方法论基础成本工程系统建设.发展和俄罗斯建设部对于整个投资和施工过程批准的工程造价确定和控制系统，将确保一个明确的法律要求和规范的规定之间的关联,以及整合的基础和结构工程系统建设成本.4。结论因此,工程造价的决定和检查的过程不仅受经济法管制。他们肯定有重大工程和技术基础,需要建筑定价专家适当的知识和技能.建筑专业成本工程的名称和功能内容反映了其经济和工程组件的协同作用.成本工程集成施工成本管理的方法和手段的局部系统建设定价,然而造价工程师会成为建设现代专家定价.参考文献：1O。V。Didkovskaya，从估计对工程成本,定价:配给和薪水建筑、莫斯科。1(2014）56 - 2014。2O。V。Didkovskaya，起始点Akhmetzyanov施工成本管理的系统方法,：现代建筑复杂的管理、经济方面SSUACE，Samara，2014年，页118 121.3O.V.Didkovskaya,装Ilyina，O.A.Mamayeva，引入区域系统成本工程萨马拉地区：评估和合同在建设工作9(2012)48-58。4O。V.Didkovskaya。et.al .有条不紊的方法成本工程系统建设的发展，Samara,2013年。5O。V.Didkovskaya，O。A。Mamayeva,研究问题的工程投资和建设、系统开发成本：采购状态。定价在公共秩序体系建设，Samara，2011年,页64 - 84。6O。V.Didkovskaya,O。A。Mamayeva、成本工程投资和建设,作为成本管理工具：传统与创新建设和架构，1卷，SSUACE,Samara,2013年，页283 - 284。7O.V。Didkovskaya、实现工程造价的工程方法在物质资源的成本，管理：现代建筑复杂的管理、经济方面SSUACE，Samara，2015年，页201 208。8法案定价体系的变化在建筑召开的俄罗斯政府批准。URL:http：/faufccs。ru/presstsentr/novosti/stranitsanovosti/index。php？ID=217。9“400天”的概念在建筑行业的价格改革和预算规范化。URL:http：/www.9214123。ru/gosstroy/prikaz/2015/171115.pdf。10O。A.Mamayeva,工程造价工程专业活动:经济方面的现代建筑复杂的管理,SSUACE，Samara，2014年，页125 128.11O。A。号Ilyina Mamayeva,开发成本概念的工程建筑在俄罗斯，Nauchnoye obozreniye。9（2015），页170 174.12O.A.Mamayeva，工程造价工程专业活动：经济方面的现代建筑复杂的管理，SSUACE，Samara，2014年,页125 - 128.13的方法构建开发过程的“路线图”。URL：http：/tvv48。narod。ru/books/2012/inn/2。2.(访问日期:10。05。2015）。14俄罗斯建设部计划开发定价在施工的新方法. URL：http：/minstroyrf.俄文/新闻/ minstroyrossiiplaniruet-razrabotatnovyemetodytsenoobrazovaniyavstroitelstve /（访问日期:10。05。2015）。15行动计划（“路线图”）“改善城市发展法律监管和商业环境建设（俄罗斯联邦政府批准的法令29。07。2013,1336号- p）。16“成本工程专业人士协会SRO”。URL:http：/www。nossi。ru/17D。N。Silka管理自给自足，:区域经济:理论与实践。37（2010）.Development of cost engineering system in constructionProcedia Engineering 153 (2016） 131 135XXV Polish Russian Slovak Seminar “Theoretical Foundation of CivilEngineering” Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering,Molodogvardeyskaya St， 194， Samara, 443001， RussiaAbstractShaping the methodological basis of professional construction management it is possible tospeak about a new direction in the development of the construction pricing the development of cost management system in construction (cost engineering in construction） integrating the assessment of investment costs, estimated pricing， contract pricing， evaluation of the actual construction costs, and enabling toconnect and manage the aforementioned processes。 At the same time the concept of cost engineering in construction fixes the engineering， technical and technological basis of all processes directly or indirectly related to the definition of construction costs. The article presents the authorsconsiderations on the creation and implementation of cost engineering systems in construction at thenational， territorial and corporate levels. 2016TheAuthors.Published.bybyElsevievierLtd。LtdThis.is an open access article under the CC BY-NCND license(Peerhttp：/creativecommonsreviewunderresp.org/licenses/bynsibilityofthencorganizingnd/4。0/）. committee of the XXV Polish Russian Slovak Seminar “TheoreticalPeerFoundationreview underofCivilresponsibilityEngineeringof. the organizing committee of Keywords：system； cost engineering； construction cost； cost management; pricing；1。 IntroductionThe modern system of construction pricing includes not only the budget development at the design stage but also determination of the construction products cost at other stages of the investment and construction process。 The current pricing system in construction no longer meets the needs of the participants of investment and construction （primarily the needs of the state as the main participant in the efficient budget investment). Fundamental changes in approaches to the whole system of formation and management of construction costs are necessary 1-5。In this regard, the improvement of the construction pricing should be implemented through the transition to a new system of construction cost management (cost engineering in construction） that would combine the preliminary assessment of the investment costs， the estimated pricing, contract pricing， the system of the actual costs determination， and allow to connect and manage the aforementioned processes。Construction cost management provides for interconnection of the investment and construction process stages， and transitions from one kind of cost to the other from investment to estimated， from estimated to contract， from contract to actual, from actual to operation cost （with regard to reconstruction, capital and current repairs) and the investment cost of such facilities planned for implementation in the future 6，7。Cost engineering involves the engineering approach to pricing in construction， therefore the regulatory framework consists ofthe rules of town planning, civil and investment legislation， provisions of the technical regulations， etc. At the same time the listed legal acts regulate only some issues addressed by cost engineers。 There is no systematic specialized regulation in this sphere。 The authors believe that the conceptual model of such system should include the following：l national regulation （laws, regulations, national supervision）;l selfregulation standardization， professional certification （standards, rules, procedures， admissions, responsibility， control)；l territorial regulation of cost engineering in construction system development and management in Russian regions taking into account regional peculiarities （sets of rules， orders， control, supervision）;l corporate regulation development and implementation of cost management systems in construction in government and other corporations （corporate standards, local regulations， relevant departments， internal control).The need to develop efficient and manageable cost engineering systems is now recognized by many major players in investment and construction business state， regions of the Russian Federation， state corporations and other companies 11。2。 Development of corporate cost engineering systems in constructionInternationally cost engineering has long been an independent kind of professional activity. Engineering approach to the management of investment and production costs is widely used in industry and capital construction 10,12. In Russia the idea of cost engineering and its adaptation to the Russian construction sphere are being primarily developed by large public corporations with large amounts of construction.Several large corporations have voiced the need for the development and implementation of full time cost management systems in construction。 In the field of cost engineering selfregulating professional communities are being created, designed to regulate the activities of their members through the development of a single regulatory and methodological approach to the formation and management of construction cost at various stages of the investment and construction process through the development of cost engineering standards system。Capital investments in construction are an integral part of the investment policy of a large company regardless of its main activities。 Therefore, development of a system of reliable and transparent definition of construction cost is no less urgent for corporations than for state and municipal customers。In recent years more and more companies aiming at optimizing their capital investments at each stage of construction have been developing and implementingcost engineering systems。 The proposed project of such system designed according to the road map principle of process planning 13,15 and including a set of local regulatory company documents （standards， procedures， regulations) is shown in Fig. 1.The use of the proposed system allows companies to control the pricing process at any stage of investment and construction projects life cycles 18.3. Implementation and development of the cost engineering system in construction at national and regional levelsThe area of effective application of cost engineering systems is not limited to self-regulated professional organizations and corporations 16。National and municipal regulation of pricing ultimately pursues the same goals as corporations the creation of a single system of formation， management and control of construction costs。 Consequently， the concept of cost engineering is desirable to be adapted and form the basis in the development of the construction pricing control systems at national， regional and municipal levels.Fig。 1。Corporate system of cost engineering in construction。Industry pricing is now being actively developed 14。 For example, the Russian Ministry of Construction has prepared and published the following： project of the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Russian Federation Town Planning Code and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation regarding regulation in the field of townplanning pricing and budgeting” (socalled law on pricing in construction) 8， the Concept of pricing and budgeting in construction reform 9.This implies changes not only to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation regarding the regulation of pricing and budgeting at the architectural design stage, but also to the legal acts regulating the procedure of construction cost formation at the stages of capital investment planning and of procurement procedures。 Thus, the planned legislative changes comprehensively cover construction pricing at various stages of the investment and construction process.Since construction pricing falls within contiguous legislative regulation in order to develop the system ofcost engineering in construction it is necessary to create and approve the document that will occupy a central place in the system the federal standard of cost engineering in construction （standard of construction cost definition) regulating a uniform procedure， purpose and general principles of cost formation and control at various stages of the investment and construction process。 This document will provide an unambiguous legitimate connection between the requirements of laws and regulations of procedures, and procedures of transition from one kind of cost to another, the process of expertise and cost control。Coverage of the whole investment and construction process and a unified regulatory methodological approach to the formation of the construction cost will set unambiguous rules for determining all kinds of costs：l marginal cost at the stage of planning capital investments allocated for the capital construction projects；l budget cost in the preparation of project documentation and its expertise of the capital construction projects；l initial (maximum） contract price in public procurement of works on construction of capital construction projects and certain types of work；l factual cost at the construction and commissioning stages of capital construction projects;l cost of repairs during the operation of capital construction projects.The federal standard must provide for and support the essence and principles of construction pricing system reform and become the first tool for efficient renovation of construction pricing system that allows to determine and manage the cost。 The adoption of such a document will allow the transition to a system of cost engineering in construction。 Development of this document must provide for the uniformity in approaches to determining the cost of construction for all investment and construction projects funded from any source.The principles of creating the federal standard as the main instrument of cost management system are determined by the following provisions：l “through” pricing regulation at all the stages of the investment and construction process;l continuity， transparency and accountability of the