非谓语动词讲解及练习.doc

英语非谓语动词讲解
概念：
非谓语动词是指现在分词, 过去分词、不定式三种形式，即：
V-ing , V-ed , to do。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式

非谓语动词的特点：
三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征：分词具有形容词和副词的特征；动名词具有名词的特征；不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。

用法：
非谓语动词
主语
宾语
表语
后置定语
宾语补足语
状语
V-ing
√
√
√
√
√
√
V-ed

√
√
√
to do
√
√
√
√
√
√

一． 动词不定式 (to do)
1. 变形：to do
to be doing
to be done
to have done
to have been done
a. 明天要来的那个人是我的老师。
The person (who is) to come tomorrow is my teacher.
b. 下个月要建的那座桥是由Mary设计的。
The bridge (which is) to be built is designed by Mary.
c.妈妈进来的时候他假装睡着了。
He pretended to have already slept when his mother came in.
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.
d.房间似乎已经被打扫干净了。
The room seemed to have been cleaned.
e. 我给她打电话的时候，她正好在逛街。
She happened to be shopping when I called her.

2. 否定 not to do
先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。
1．To learn a foreign language is difficult .
2． His wish is to be a driver .
3．Tom wanted to have a cup of beer .
4．The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
5．I have nothing to say .
6．They went to see their aunt .
7．It’s easy to see their aunt.
8．I don’t know what to do next .
9． I heard them make a noise .

1.动词不定式作主语。
a. 表示一种目的，将要，要去做什么
Eg. To learn English well is not easy.
To realize your dream is not easy if you don’t work hard.

b. it 做形式主语，to do 不定式作真正的主语
it is \ was + adj. (for sb. \ of sb.) to do sth
动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
It’s necessary for you to study hard .
It’s foolish of him to do it .
与of 连用的形容词有：
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible

1. 不定式作表语

My dream is to become a singer.
The purpose of the project is to know why human

2. 动词不定式作宾语

后接不定式作宾语的动词有：
remain, want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.

需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。
sb + think \ make \ find \ feel + it + adj.\ n. + to do sth.
(easy \ difficult \ hard \ necessary\ right\ wrong\ possible \ impossible\ a shame \ a pity)
We think it important to obey the laws .

4. 不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：
1）动宾关系：
He has a lot of meetings to attend.
Please lend me something to write with.
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2）主谓关系：
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now. ( 逻辑主语不是I )
a. 明天要来的那个人是我的老师。
The person (who is) to come tomorrow is my teacher.
b. 下个月要建的那座桥是由Mary设计的。
The bridge (which is) to be built is designed by Mary.

5. 不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：
1） 原因
He is lucky to get here on time . I am glad to help you.
这种结构中常用的形容词有：
happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 结果
I hurried to get there, only to find him out .
The rain lasted a week, causing severe flood in a lot of places.
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
6. 不定式作补足语

ask \ tell \ allow \ permit \ command \ request \ wish sb. to do sth
Eg. My mother allowed me to buy a mobile phone finally.
They are believed to have discussed the problem.
He is believed to be living in Mexico.

能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有：
see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice
I saw him play in the street just now .
注: 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to , 如：
He was seen to play in the street just now.

7. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree to sth, object to, be close to , come to (when it comes to sth \ doing sth) , lead to , refer to , be equal to , be familiar to , point to , thank to , be devoted to , be accustomed to, be addicted to, next to , belong to , be used to doing, look forward to

9． 带to 还是不带to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）

二． V-ing及V-ed形式
1. 变形： doing
being done
having done
having been done

V-ed

2.否定 not doing
not done

Learning English is very difficult .
学英语非常困难。
His job is driving a bus .
他的工作是开车。
I enjoy dancing .
我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country .
我已经习惯了住农村。
Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep .
吃点安眠药，你很快就会入睡。

1.做主语
1)Seeing is believing.
Being able to use computers is helpful to your finding a job.
2) It is / was no use / no good \ no fun\ a waste of time + doing sth.
Eg. It is no use crying after a terrible result. 在坏的结果前哭是没有用的。
2. 做宾语
只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：
appreciate, admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand ,
be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about,

★下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，
forget to do … 忘记要做某事 forget doing… 忘记做了某事
remember to do…记住要做某事 remember doing …记着做了某事
mean to do … 有意要做某事 mean doing … 意味着做了某事
regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事
learn to do … 学着去做某事learn doing … 学会做某事
stop to do … 停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing … 停止做某事
go on to do … 接着做（另外一件事）go on doing … 继续做某事
used to do … 过去做某事be used to doing … 习惯做某事
3. 做表语
My job is teaching.
The story is interesting.
区分The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。

V-ing VS V-ed
V-ing 修饰物，令人…… V-ed 修饰人或者人的表情
encouraging\ encouraged surprising \ surprised exciting \ excited
puzzling \ puzzled frightening \ frightened boring \ bored
an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音       an excited voice 兴奋的声音
a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情     a puzzled look 困惑的表情

4. 作定语
1) drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy, falling leaves, boiling water
fallen leaves, boiled water
2) 修饰的n 与从句动作之间是主动或者正在进行的关系；被动或完成的关系。
The girl (who is) talking with the teacher is a new comer.
The problem being discussed is quite puzzling.
The room cleaned yesterday is dirty now.

★不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. ( 将来)
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum. （正在进行）
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions. （过去）

5. 做状语 V-ing, V-ed
★分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。
选择哪个分词由逻辑主语与从句动作的关系来确定，主动V-ing，被动V-ed

分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、 条件、方式、伴随等
Having finished the homework, I went home. （ 时间）从句动作发生于主句动作之前，明显先后关系
Being a Party member, I should work hard. （原因）
Given more time, I can do my work better. （ 条件 ）
He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. （ 伴随）
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
I won’t go to the party even if (I am) invited.

练习：
1. Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
2. ______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
A. Having being told B. Though had been told C. He was told D. Having told
3. The Olympic Games, _____ in 776 B.C., did not include women plays until 1912 .
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
4. On Saturday afternoon , Mr. Green went to the market ,________ some bananas and visited her cousin .
　　A. bought           B. buying           C. to buy            D. buy

6. 独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
Generally speaking … 一般说来       Frankly speaking … 坦白地说
Judging from … 根据……来判断     Considering … 考虑到……
To tell you the truth … 说实话

7. 做宾语补足语
1）感官动词 see \ hear \ watch \ find \ notice sb. + do \ doing \ V-ed
2) make + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
make sb do sth
make sb done make yourself understood \ heard \ known
3) leave \ keep \ have sb doing sth. 让某人保持……状态
4）注意的四种结构：
have something to do 有某事要做
have something done 使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 让某事一直做着

1. The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldn’t make himself ________ .
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
2. The boy was seen __________ on the river bank this time yesterday.
A. to play B. played C. playing D. play
3. I will go to the shop to have my computer ______________.
A. repair B. repaired C. repairing D. to repair

8. 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如：I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .

9. 动名词的逻辑主语：
动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
动名词的逻辑宾语为代词或名词宾格形式
例如：His \ Tom’s coming made us very happy .
The teacher was angry for his \ him not coming to school today.

1. _______ a reply , he decided to write again .
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
2. I would appreciate ____ back this afternoon .
　　A . you to call       B . you call       C . your calling       D . you're calling

10. 动名词主动形式表被动的情况：
need \ want \ require doing \ to be done
例如： This room needs painting \ to be painted. 这个房间需要粉刷

11．There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time

1、 We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketball, ______ that all children like these things.
A thinking B think C to think D thought
2、 There have been several new events ______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A add B to add C adding D added
3、 I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ______ talking while she works.
A working; stopping B to work; stopping
C working; to stop D to work; to stop
4、 A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left ______.
A unsatisfied B unsatisfying C to be satisfying D being satisfied
5、 No matter how frequently ______, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
6、 ______ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.
A Having made B Make C To make D Making
7、 If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things, think again.
A gets B got C to get D getting
8、 As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ______
A to use B to be used C to have used D to be using
9、 It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ______.
A to make B to be made C making D being made
10、 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in 2008.
A hold B holding C held D to be held
11、 ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A Faced B Face C Facing D To face
12、 AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A that it is B to be C that it has been D to have been
13、 Don’t sit there ______ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A do B to do C doing D and doing
14、 Faced with a bill for $10,000, ______.
A John has taken an extra job B the boss has given John an extra job
C an extra job has been taken D an extra job has been given to John
15、 He hurried to the booking office only ______ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A to tell B to be told C telling D told
16、 Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A being given B is given C given D was given
17、 Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ______ since the flood hit the area last Friday.
A have been missing B have got lost C be missing D get lost
18、 The bird flu ______ through Asia has jumped from birds to humans at least 20 times so far,______ 16.
A sweeps; killed B swept; killing C sweeping; to kill D sweeping; killing
19、 The man ______ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.
A being suspected B suspecting C suspected D to be suspected
20、 The students entered the classroom, smiling and ______ , and ______ down to have their lessons.
A talked; sat B talking; sitting C talking; sat D talked; sitting
21、 ——Have you ever heard of an American president called Chester A. Arhur?
——No , and he’s not mentioned in my history book at all. He seems ______
A to have been completely forgotten B having completely forgotten
C to have completely forgotten D completely forgetting
22、 With the magazine An Express Way to English ______ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.
A helping B helped C has helped D to help
23、 It displeases my parents when Richard and I stay out late at night. My parents don’t approve ______
A of Richard and me staying out late at night
B of me and Richard staying out late at night
C to Richards’s and my staying out late at night
D when Richard and me stay out late at night
24、 A communicative satellite ______ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.
A weighing B weighed C to be weighed D being weighed
25、 ______ of stealing money from the bank, he was questioned by the police.
A Accusing B Accused C Having accused D To accuse

答案：1~5 ADCAA 6~10 CDBBD 11~15 ADCAB 16~20 CADCC 21~25 ADAAB