上海牛津版9AU3知识点总结.doc

一、单词精讲
1. opinion / / n. 想法，看法，意见
词组：in one’s opinion__________________
e.g. In my opinion, the second view is one-sided and partial.
2. responsibility / / n. 责任
拓展：adj. ____________________ be responsible for……对……负责
e.g. My father is responsible for a big store in Shanghai.
response n. __________________________
3. death / / n. 死，死亡
拓展：v. ____________________ die of_____________________
die from_______________
die (died, died) v. 死；凋零
dead adj. 无生命的，呆板的
dying adj. 临终的，垂死的
4. respect/ / v. 尊重，慎重对待
拓展：respectable adj. __________________________
5. faithfully/ /adv. 忠实地，忠诚地
拓展：faith n. 信仰，信任 ___________________ adj.
e.g. Faith that justice would prevail impelled us forward.
译：_____________________________________
We are faithful listeners to the program.
译：_____________________________________
6. mess/ /n. 杂乱，粪便
e.g. The house is a mess. 这个房间又脏又乱。
拓展：a mess of一大堆…；把…弄糟
in a mess乱糟糟，一团糟
e.g. I've made such a mess of my life.
There are many reasons why the economy is in such a mess.
7. extremely/ /adv. 极其，非常
拓展：extreme adj. 极端的，偏激的
n. 极端，极其偏激的事物

8. unhappy/ /adj. 不快乐的，悲伤的
拓展：反义词：____________________
副词：______________________
happiness n. _________________
否定前缀un, 加在名词，形容词，副词之前
如: unfinished (未完成的); undoubted (无疑的); unhappy (不快乐的)
否定前缀in, 加在形容词，名词之前
如：incorrect (不正确的)，inability (无能, 无力)，inaccurate (不准确的)
im一加在字母m，b，P之前 如：impossible(不可能的)，impolite(不礼貌的)
9. surprised/ / adj. 感到惊讶的
拓展：be surprised at 因…….感到惊讶
同义词：amazed，shocked
surprising令人惊讶的
同类的词：_____________ _______________ ____________
10. shocked/ /adj. 震惊的
e.g. The little boy was shocked by the fall.
11. certain/ /adj. 一定（量）的
拓展：be certain of / about sth.
be certain of doing sth
be certain that / if/whether
e.g. Are you certain about that?
Our team is certain of winning.
I’m certain that it’s not your fault.
13. goldfish/ /n. 金鱼
合成词：n. + n. = n.
举例：______________ ________________ __________________
14. apologize/ /v. 道歉
搭配：apologize for ________________ apologize to sb.
词转：n. __________________
Make an apology for sth. 因某事而道歉
e.g. He made an apology for what he said.
15. review/ /n. （书刊、电影等的）评论；
v. 回顾，检查
二、Phrases词组
1．from side to side从左到右side by side肩并肩地；一起
2．grow up成长；长大
3．according to据(……所说)…
同义句：It’s said by
4．care for关爱
拓展：take care of照顾; look after care about喜欢
5．as a result因此；结果
拓展： result from起因于
6．stop…from 阻止某事发生
stop to do sth．
stop doing sth．
7. right now 立即；马上
同义词：immediately adv. at once
e. g We should start work right now.
When he heard the news, he rushed out of the room immediately.
8. What's more而且
e．g．What's more，most people in modern cities live in flats．
9. pay for为……付钱
e．g．I have to pay 150 dollars for the sewing machine．
其他表示“花费”的词
(1) spend的主语通常是人，往往用于以下句型：
(sb) spend some money／some time on sth．
(sb)spend some money／some time(in)doing sth．
e.g. I spent fifty yuan on the coat
=I spent fifty yuan(in)buying the coat．
(2) take常用于“占用、花费”时间，其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是：
It takes／took sb．some time to do sth
= Sth．takes sb．some time．
e.g. It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses．
The work will take me two days．
(3) pay为“付款、赔偿”之意，主语通常是人，往往是
sb．pays some money for sth
或 pay sb．(some money for sth)
e．g. I paid fifty yuan for the coat
How much did you pay him?
(4) cost的主语必须是某物。
sth．cost (sb.)some money。
e.g．The dictionary cost me $20．
10. not only… but also… 不但……而且……
连接主语时，谓语动词应和邻近的主语保持一致。相似的有：neither… nor… ; either … or …
例句：He is not only a scientist but also a photographer.
No only he but also his parents like collecting stamps.
三、课文精讲
1. lt's nice to pick them up and hold them in oar arms，and it's wonderful to see them growing up．
e．g．It’s nice to know that somebody appreciates what I do．
【知识拓展】it作形式主语主要用于下列两种情况
1．It+ is／was+ adj．／n．(形容词或名词)+to do sth．
e．g．It is a good idea to think this way．
It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time．
2．It + v．+ to do sth．
e.g．It took us three years to complete the project．
2．Young people can learn how to care for others and how to respect all living things by keeping a pet dog.
e.g. Please show us how to do that．
3. A small number of pet dogs even bite people.
a number of “许多”； a small number of “一小部分”；
a large number of “许多；大量”
例句： A number of people have already visited the Expo Site.
【辨析】a number of 与 the number of
A number of 表示“一批；一些；许多”；是不定数量词，如同a lot of, lots of, several, some一样。因此，“a number of + 复数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词用复数。
例句：There were a large number of people in the room. The number of 表示“……的数（目）”，the number是中心词，其谓语动词必须用单数。
例：The number of people in the room is large.
4. This may make the dogs feel extremely unhappy.
1）make … feel “使……感到”，这种结构是动词后跟不带to的不定式。
相同用法的表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词（使役动词）主要有：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
例句：Let me introduce myself.
2）feel， look，sound，smell，taste等连系动词后面跟形容词。
例：Ann looks beautiful.
5. paying for dog food and visiting the vet can be expensive.
1) pay for “支付”，常用句型结构为：somebody pay money for something
例句：_________________________________________
2) can be 表示现在或将来的可能性。例句：___________________
3) 【辨析】can be, may be, might be, must be
它们都可以用来表示可能性，但语气强弱有所不同。must be语气最强，表示可能性最大；其次是 can be 和may be； might be语气最弱，表示可能性最小。
巩固练习
I. 选择合适的单词或短语来代替划线部分。
A. As said by         B. went away       C. very   
D. depart for          E. pleasure         F. said      
(  ) 1. It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.
(  ) 2. We were extremely busy before the examination.
(  ) 3. It is full of enjoyment to go skating on real ice.
(  ) 4. According to the weather report, it is going to rain this afternoon.
(  ) 5. A: When will you be back? B: I’ll leave for home in three days.
II. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. The plane landed __________ at last after flying in the storm for about one hour. (safe)
2. Please read the passage ___________ and then finish the exercises. (care)
3. Something is wrong with my foot. I have to walk ___________. (slow)
4. __________, we weren’t caught in the heavy rain last night. (luck)
5. Look! The famous actress is dancing very _____________ at the party. (beautiful)
6. George felt very sad at the of his father. (die)
7. The storm last night was quite (fright); we were all greatly (fright) by it.
8. Students should spend some time doing at home every day after school. (review)
9. “Do you have any ?” asked the sales manager. (complain)
10. Everyone was to death in the big fire. (shock)
11. ---Madam, do you mind my smoking here?
--- not. (certain)
12. To the visitors’ great surprise, the people there show disagreement by their heads. (nod)
13. You speak too (loud). Would you say it a little more softly?
14. It’s said that perhaps there used to be things on Mars. (life)
15. The children enjoyed at the party last night. (they)
四、语法
一）、情态动词的被动语态
I、定义：
含有情态动词的被动语态用来说明某人或某物被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
例：1. Many trees should be planted in the mountains. 应该在山上种许多树。
2. You can take this book home. （改为被动语态）
→This book can be taken home (by you).
3. This problem can’t be worked out very easily. 这道题轻易算不出来。
4. Must the work be done at once? 这项工作必须立即完成吗？
II、含情态动词被动语态的构成
根据上述例子填写下列空格
A. 含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词+_____+及物动词的______。
B. 含有情态动词的主动语态变为被动语态时，要把主动语态的_____变成被动语态的主
语。
C. 变为否定句时只需要在情态动词后加________。
D. 变为一般疑问句时只需把________提到句首。
III、句式变换
含有情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均需借助于情态动词来完成。
1. 一般疑问句。直接将被动语态的陈述句中的情态动词提到句首。
例如：This work must be done right now.
→Must this work be done right now?
His homework should be finished before six.
→Should his homework be finished before six?
2. 特殊疑问句。由疑问词加上含有情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句构成。
例如：Where can the book be found? 这本书在什么地方能被找到呢？
When must my homework be handed in? 我的作业必须什么时候交？
3. 反意疑问句。附加问句部分要用“情态动词 + 主语”。
例如：This book shouldn’t be taken out of the library, should it?
这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
4. 否定句。在情态动词后面加上not即可。
例如：Fourteen-year-olds should not be allowed to drive.
十四岁的孩子不应该被允许开车。
【Note】
对于含有情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答，一般应保留原句中的情态动词，但must表“必须”时，其否定回答应用needn’t。
例如：—Should my homework be finished today? 我的作业应在今天完成吗？
—Yes, it should. / No, it shouldn’t. 是的，应在今天完成。 / 不，不应在今天完成。
—Must his exercise book be handed in right now? 他的练习本必须立即上交吗？
—Yes, it must. / No, it needn’t. 是的，必须立即上交。 / 不，不必立即上交。
二）、副词
副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
I、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前。
2） 在be动词、助动词之后。　
3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.
II、副词的排列顺序：
1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
u 副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
(错)　I very like English.
(对)　I like English very much.
u 副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
III、副词的构成方法：
大多数副词都是由“形容词＋后缀-ly”构成的，
例如：slowly, heavily, truly, terribly等。
形容词变副词规则：
①. 在形容词词尾直接加-ly。
如:real-really; helpful-helpfully; careful-carefully;
slow-slowly; quick-quickly; quiet-quietly
②. 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词要变y为i, 再加-ly。
如:busy-busily; angry-angrily; easy-easily
③. 某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以-ue结尾的形容词要先去掉e,
然后再加-y或-ly。
如:terrible-terribly; true-truly; gentle-gently
注意: friendly; motherly; lovely，weekly，lively等词是形容词而非副词。
④. 英语中还有少数与形容词同形的副词，
例如：daily, early, fast, hard, high, long, near, straight, well等。
判断下列单词的词性：
the high jump 跳高项目（ ） to jump high 跳得高 （ ）
a fast car 行得快的汽车（ ） to drive fast 开快车（ ）
an early riser 早起的人 （ ） to get up early 起得早（ ）
a straight line直线 （ ） Go straight ahead. 一直朝前走。（ ）
⑤. 副词还可以由形容词加前缀a-得来,
如:loud (adj.)-aloud (adv.)
⑥. 部分名词加后缀也可变成副词,如:part---partly。
例: It is partly her fault. 有部分是她的错。
注: friendly; motherly; lovely等词是形容词而非副词。
练习巩固
一、选择题
1. trees usually in April ?
A. Have, planted B. Are, planted C. Do , plant D. Were , planted
2. When we got there , the broken road repaired .
A. is being B. was being C. has been D. /
3. The windows of the room once a week .
A. has been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned D. are cleaning
4. In 1620 , about half the USA forests .
A. was covered B. was covered by C. were filled with D. covered with
5. The young tree the stick .
A. should be tied to B. must be tied by
C. should tie to D. can be tied with
6. A present me by my friend on my birthday .
A. is giving B. was given to C. is given for D. will give to
7. By was the book ?
A. who , wrote B. whom , write
C. whom , written D. whom , writing
8. Films about crime and violence（暴力与犯罪） by young children .
A. should not see B. should be not seen
C. should not be seen D. should be seen
9. In warm weather fruit and meat long .
A. can’t be kept B. don’t keep C. is not kept D. aren’t keeping
10. Half the world’s telephone calls in English .
A. are made B. are making C. make D. is made
11. That building now .
A. is building B. is built C. is being built D. builds
12. The trees in our school every Friday afternoon .
A. are watered B. are watering C. have watered D. water
13. More “ Great Green Walls ” must all over the world .
A. build B. are built C. be building D. be built
14. His school bag by a woman ten minutes ago .
A. took away B. was taken away
C. was taken off D. is taken
15. It that she very clever .
A. was said , is B. was said , were
C. is said , is D. is said , is being
16. Yesterday a visitor something about his hometown.
A. was asked B. was asking C. is asked D. asked
17. If you are not free today, come another day __________.
　 A. too     B. so      C. instead    D. yet
18. He can't tell us ________, I think.
　 A. important anything            B. anything important 
　 C. important something          D. something important.
19. The light in the office wasn't ________for him to read.
　 A. enough bright     B. bright enough    C. brightly     D. enough brightly
20. You must keep your eyes _________ when you do eye exercises.
　 A. close     B. open       C. closed      D. opened
21. Don't worry, sir. I'm sure I can run _________ to catch up with them.
　 A. slowly enough  B. enough slowly 
C. fast enough  D. enough fast
22. The text is very easy for you. There are ________ new words in it.
　 A. a few  B. a little  C. few  D. little
23. Mingming got up very _______,so he came to school half an hour ______.
　 A. late; lately  B. lately; late  C. lately; lately  D. late; late
24. I am ________ worried about y parents' healthy conditions.
　 A. some times  B. sometime  C. sometimes  D. some times
25. "A ______ accident happened at 7:30 a.m." said the policeman _______.
　 A. serious, serious  B. seriously, seriously 
C. seriously, serious  D. serious, seriously
26. The cake smells ______. Please throw it away.
　 A. good  B. badly  C. bad  D. well
27. --- What was the weather like yesterday?
　 --- It was terrible. It rained so ________ that people could _______ go out.
　 A. hardly…hard    B. hardly… hardly    
C. hard… hardly   D. hard… hard
28. --- Dad, when will you be free? You agreed to go to the seaside with me four days ago.
　 --- I am sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a ______ holiday soon.
　　  A. four-days      B. four-day    C. four days     D. four day
二. 用正确的时态和语态填空
1. Nearly everybody here （know）when the old museum （build）.
2. The building can （see）from every part of the city ; It （build）many years ago .
3. Yesterday Tom （tell）me that his bike （break）last week .
4. The students often （tell）to take care of their desks and chairs .
5. Now he （be）asked if the meeting （hold）next Friday .
6. It is k