高英第七册UnitOne.doc
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1、ContentsUnit One Text I English and American Concepts of spaceText II Private SpaceUnit Two Text I TouristsText II Chestnut Street from a Fire EscapeUnit Three Text I The SubwayText II Living in Two WorldUnit Four Text I Style and Purpose Text II Pub or Groggery?Unit Six Text I How to get things don
2、e Text II Now That Im organizedUnit Seven Text I The Aims of Education Text II Another school Year - Why?Unit Eight Text I Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter from Harlem Text II The Civil Right Movement: What Good Was It?Unit Nine Text I Roots of Freedom Text II The Philosopher and the ConquerorUnit Ten
3、 Text I Fear of DearthUnit Eleven Text I Beyond Invalidism, Part OneUnit Thirteen Text II The Trial that rocked the WorldUnit Fourteen Text I Reading the RiverUnit OneText I:English and American Concepts of SpacePre-reading Brainstorming:1) What do you know about the concepts of space?2) How do you
4、usually judge a persons social status: by his family background, the place where he lives, his education, or by his profession? Why do you do so?3) Do you feel the need for a private room entirely for yourself to take refuge in when you do not want your thoughts to be intruded on? If there is no suc
5、h facility, what would you do? reference: 西方文化词典 - Polemics & TerritorialityAbout the Author Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 -), U.S. anthropologist, author, and teacher, received his Ph.D. degree in anthropology from Columbia University. He has taught at various institutions, such as Harvard Business S
6、chool, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University. His works include: The Silent Language (1959), a study of nonverbal communication, and The Hidden Dimension (1966), a study of “social and personal space and mans perception of it.” The present text, a selection from The Hidde
7、n Dimension, gives a contrast between English and American concepts of personal space.在人类学方面,Edward Hall研究空间,出版了两本重要著作,即无声的语言(The Silent Language, 1959)和隐藏的空间(The Hidden Dimension, 1966),探讨人际空间距离对人类行为的作用,及其在不同文化里的差异,影响后来有关空间行为学的研究距离关系(proxemic patterns)空间的传统在不同的文化中亦有不同的意义。人类学家爱德华霍尔(Edward T.Hall)在他的
8、著作The Hidden Dimension及The Silence Language 中亦提及,距离关系(proxemic patterns)- 在固定空间内的有机关系 - 可以因外在环境,如天气、噪音及光线而改变人的空间距离关系。盎格鲁-萨克逊和北欧文化比热带地区的文化用的空间大些。而噪音、危险、黑暗均会使人相互接近。霍尔将人类使用距离的关系分为四种:(1 )亲密的(intimate),(2)个人的(personal),(3)社会的(social),(4)公众的(public),霍尔以人的皮肤至十八英寸远称之为“亲密距离”,这种距离有人与人间身体的爱、安慰和温柔关系。这个距离若被陌生人侵入
9、,则会引起怀疑或敌意的反应。在许多文化里,亲密距离关系若在公众场合表现,会被认为失仪而粗鲁。“个人距离”大概是十八英寸到四英尺的距离(约手臂长)。个人彼此间碰触得到,较适合朋友与相识之人,却不似爱人或家人那般亲密。这种距离保持了隐私权,却不像亲密距离那样排斥他人。“社会距离”约为四英尺到十二英尺长。这通常是非私人间的公事距离,或是社交场合的距离,正式而友善,多半是三人以上的场合。如果两个人的场合保持这种距离就很不礼貌,这种行为也表示冷淡。“公众距离”则是十二英尺至二十五英尺或更远的距离。这个范围疏远而正式,若在其间呈现个人情绪,会被视为无礼。重要的公众人物通常会在公众距离出现,因为其空间涵盖较
10、广,手势及嗓音都须夸大以利清楚表达。大部分人的距离关系都是直觉的,如果有陌生人站在离我们十八英寸的地方,我们通常不会觉得:“这家伙侵犯我的亲密空间。”除非我们好斗成性,要不然都会走开。当然,社会因素也支配距离观念。比如在很挤的地铁里,每个人都在亲密距离之内,但彼此的态度却是“公众的”,身体有接触,却互不交谈。Library workProxemics is the study of the communicative value of space and distance in various cultures. It includes the study of the physical di
11、stance between people when they are talking to each other, as well as their postures and whether or not there is physical contact during their conversation. These factors can be looked at in relation to the sex, age, and social and cultural background of the people involved, and also their attitudes
12、 to each other and their state of mind. Of interest are such features as the physical distance considered proper or each other in public places. These and other nonverbal behavioral features, which vary from culture to culture, have been called “silent language” by Edward T. Hall. “The proxemic deta
13、ils” (1.6) refer to facts or pieces of information related to proxemics, e.g. how closely two people should stand or sit apart when talking to each other, whether one should have his office door open or closed, etc.A public school in Britain is a private secondary boarding school with a pre-universi
14、ty curriculum. Admission is by entrance examination. The term “public school” emerged in the 18th-century when the reputation of certain grammar schools spread beyond their immediate environs. They began taking pupils whose parents could afford residential fees and thus became known as “public schoo
15、l”, in contrast to “local school”. A public school is different from a comprehensive school, where children of all abilities and social backgrounds are taught together. A public school generally prepares students academically for higher education. Therefore, students who go to public schools are sup
16、posed to be better educated than those who go to comprehensive schools.1) Main Idea: With regard to space the English and Americans have been conditioned quite differently.Re. thesis statement: If there ever were two cultures in which differences of polemic details are marked it is in the educated E
17、nglish and the middle-class Americans.英国人和美国人虽然说同一种语言,但对个人空间的意识却有着不同的认识,文章重点谈论了这种不同的认识所产生的原因,以及这种认识的不同引起同事之间误会的可能性。2) Purpose of writing and Tone: To expose / an expository writing). Manners: seriousCf:In this text, the author gives a contrast between English and American concepts of personal space,
18、 and shows us the implications of such a difference3) Organization and Development: 1) Introduction: (P1)Thesis statement: If there ever were two cultures in which differences of proxemic details are marked it is in the educated English and the middle-class Americans;2) (P2-3) Contrsting the America
19、ns sense of space that can be called his own with the Englishmans sense of shared space - differences in how space is allotted;3) (P4-5) Contrsting the different ways in which Americans and English behave when seeking seclusion;Cf: Introduction to the thesis statement: (Para. 1) The English and the
20、Americans are different in their attitudes toward how space is allotted.Body: (Paras. 2-3 )Para. 2: The Americans feelings for their private rooms.Para. 3: The Englishmens attitude toward his own space.Conclusion: (Para. 45):The contrasting English and American patterns have some remarkable implicat
21、ions.The most obvious method used to development the authors ideas is “contrast”. In fact, paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 have formed a sharp contrast. In paragraph 2, the author introduces to us the feeling of Americans for their own rooms and in paragraph 3, the author is mainly introduces to us the
22、English peoples feeling about private rooms. In the text, the author has used contrasts several times to express us that there is so great a difference between Americans and English people in their attitudes towards private space.This passage is an expository essay. Cf: SISU analysisStructure and or
23、ganization Though an excerpt from a book, the present text is self-contained in terms of structure. The first paragraph serves as an introduction; the last paragraph is the conclusion; the three paragraphs in between form the body of the text. The thesis statement of the article can be found in the
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- 第七 UnitOne
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