美国历史与文化期末.doc

Terms and VocabularyColombian Exchange Mercantilism重商主义（mercantilism，也称作“商业本位”，16至18世纪）Salutary Neglect “有益的忽视”英国实行了salutary neglect 政策，大家都有的赚，还可以避免法国的强大。Indentured ServantsColonies (Jamestown/Plymouth) 1607年英格兰在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦（Jamestown）建立了第一个海外殖民地。当时该殖民地有108人。而清教徒在1620年11月21日才乘坐“五月花号”到达普利茅斯Mayflower pact 五月花号公约Great Awakening 签署人立誓创立一个自治团体，这个团体是基于被管理者的同意而成立的，而且将依法而治。 这是美国历史上第一份重要的政治文献。The French and Indian War (1754-1763) 英国没有得到路易斯安那，得到了法属加拿大First Continental Congress (8.4)1774年9月5日，北美殖民地在费城召开了殖民地联合会议，史称“第一届大陆会议”（The First Continental Congress）。除佐治亚缺席外，其他12个殖民地的55名代表都参加了会议（多为富商、银行家、种植园奴隶主,佐治亚州因总督阻挠未参加）。大陆会议同时还向英王呈递了和平请愿书，表示殖民地仍对英王“效忠”。尽管这次大陆会议没有提出独立问题，但它是殖民地形成自己的政权的重要步骤。Proclamation Act of 1763 (8.2)禁止了美洲殖民在阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的地方购买土地或定居，但当时已经有相当数量的殖民者已经在这些地方拥有土地，所以此公告的发布令这些人相当不满，是导致美国独立战争的远因之一。Sugar Act 1764 (8.3) 买英国的糖Stamp Act 1765 (8.3) 印花税Boston Massacre 1770 波士顿惨案，英国士兵不好，关系恶化。Tea Act 1773 (8.3) 买英国的茶叶Boston Tea Party 1773 (8.3, figure 14) 把茶叶都倒了Intolerable Acts 1774 (8.3) 1. 波士顿港湾被迫关闭,直到波士顿赔偿“波士顿倾茶事件”的损失2. 取消马赛诸塞州的自治权3. 指控罪犯，并交由英国法院处理4.增加英国驻军数量，即驻营条例“No Taxation Without Representation”: (8.3) 无代表不纳税。Paul Revere: 独立战争中平民的英雄保罗里维尔夜半骑马奔驰,及时向起义民兵报告英军偷袭的情报,是一首家喻户晓的名篇“mon Sense” (10.2) 抨击英国王室，要求独立Second Continental Congress (10.2)1776年7月4日，通过杰斐逊起草的独立宣言。该宣言宣称“人生而平等”，肯定人民追求自由和幸福的权利，并宣布美利坚合众国从此脱离英国独立。Declaration of Independence (10.2)美国独立宣言（The Declaration of Independence）Bill of Rights (12.4.1) 一般就是考quiz的那道题-Review (12.11) James Madison: 他担任第四任总统期间曾领导进行第二次美英战争，保卫了美国的共和制，为美国赢得彻底独立建立了功绩。Alexander Hamilton:亚历山大汉密尔顿是美国的开国元勋之一，宪法的起草人之一，财经专家，是美国的第一任财政部长。是美国政党制度的创建者，在美国金融、财政和工业发展史上，占有重要地位。Thomas Jefferson: 托马斯杰斐逊，美利坚合众国第三任总统（1801年1809年）。同时也是美国独立宣言主要起草人，及美国开国元勋中最具影响力者之一。从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。John Adams: 约翰亚当斯是美国第一任副总统（1789年1797年），其后接替乔治华盛顿成为美国第二任总统（1797年1801年）。他是由托马斯杰斐逊组成的独立宣言起草委员会的成员。被誉为“美国独立的巨人”。Articles of Confederation (11.1.9) 联邦条例Constitutional Convention 1787 (Executive, Legislative, Judiciary)会议原本的目的是修改邦联条例，从而解决当时13个原大英帝国殖民地邦根据这一条例而组成的美利坚合众国在运作上所遇到的重重困难。但是以詹姆斯麦迪逊和亚历山大汉密尔顿为首的部分代表从一开始就没有打算要对邦联条例进行修整，而是希望可以直接建立一个新政府。与会代表选举乔治华盛顿来主持这次会议。会议的结果是制订了人类历史上的第一部成文宪法：美利坚合众国宪法Louisiana Purchase (13.3) 杰斐逊被认为是暴君Lewis & Clark Expedition (13.3.1) 刘易斯与克拉克远征（Lewis and Clark expedition，1804年1806年）是美国国内首次横越大陆西抵太平洋沿岸的往返考察活动。领队为美国陆军的梅里韦瑟刘易斯上尉（Meriwether Lewis）和威廉克拉克少尉（William Clark），该活动是由杰斐逊总统所发起。War of 1812 (13.5) 原因除了对土地的hungerIndian Removal and Massacre (14.2.1) “Trail of Tears” (Removal Act of 1830)Removal Native American to West of the 密西西比河 Manifest Destiny (14.5) 19世纪中后期; 被美国人广泛持有的一种信条：扩张美国在北美洲的领土; 扩大美国政治;The Missouri promise (14.8.1 pg. 136) Quiz：除了，estabilsh the principle of popular sovereignty of 36361848 Gold Rush (14.8.3) 淘金热1848年加利福尼亚发现金矿,世界各地的人们蜂拥而至,美国一时出现了著名的“淘金热”(gold rush).promise of 1850 (14.8)美国国会为解决蓄奴问题和防止联邦解体而决定的一系列权宜措施。危机起自1849年12月3日加利福尼亚地区请求加入联邦成为州，并在州宪法中规定禁止蓄奴。国会讨论时，蓄奴和反蓄奴争执激烈，终于通过批准加利福尼亚为自由州，建立新墨西哥和犹他两个地区而不作蓄奴或禁止蓄奴的规定等。1850年妥协案作为一时的权宜之计虽然成功，但两派纷争的根源未除，不过使南方推迟十年宣告脱离联邦而已。Womens Suffrage Electoral College (14.16选举人团（electoralcollege）又称选举团或总统选举团，是美国特有的一种选举方式。根据美国宪法，美国总统由各州议会选出的选举人团选举，选举人受选民委托到首都华盛顿投票Confederate States of America (16.4): 美国南部邦联，初级经济和农业Fort Sumter (17.4) 萨姆特堡遭到南军炮轰，称为萨姆特堡战役（Battle of Fort Sumter）。随后，美国总统亚伯拉罕林肯对南方宣战，南北战争爆发。General Robert E. Lee (15.10; 17.5): 南方的一个将军General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (17.5) 在美国南北战争中，他是美国南方联盟的总司令。内战中，他在公牛溪战役、腓特烈斯堡战役及钱瑟勒斯维尔战役中大获全胜。1865年，他在联盟军弹尽粮绝的情况下向尤里西斯辛普森格兰特将军投降，从而结束了内战。Emancipation Proclamation (17.11) 解放奴隶宣言（The Emancipation Proclamation）是份由美国总统亚伯拉罕林肯公布的宣言，其主张所有美利坚联邦叛乱下的领土之黑奴应享有自由，然而豁免的对象包含未脱离联邦的边境州，以及联邦掌控下的诸州。此宣言仅立即解放少部分奴隶，但实质上强化联邦军掌控联邦的领土后这些黑奴自由的权威性，并为最终废除全美奴隶制度预先铺路。Battle of Gettysburg (17.14) 转折点General Ulysses S. Grant (17.17) . 尤利西斯格兰特（Ulysses Simpson Grant 1822.4.27-1885.7.23）美国军事家、政治家，美国内战后期联邦军总司令，第18任总统、陆军上将、美国管理工程院院士。Shermans March to the Sea (17.18.2) 全面战争Appomattox (17.21) 最后北弗吉尼亚军团在阿波麦托克斯战役向波托马克军团投降,结束了美国内战Andrew Johnson安德鲁约翰逊(Andrew Johnson)是美国第17任总统。在亚伯拉罕林肯遇刺身亡后，继任为美国第17任总统。由于在南方重建上采取妥协立场（他曾两次担任田纳西州州长)，与国会的共和党议员意见不合，使他成为美国历史上首位被提出弹劾议案的总统（1868年）。最终在参议院以一票之微避过罢免的命运。尽管如此，他任期内依然有一定政绩，其中包括美国宪法第14条修正案的通过和购买阿拉斯加。13th-15th amendments: 13 废除了奴隶，14每个人都有公民权利to all person。15无论什么肤色都可以投票。Spanish-American War 1898: US, Cuba, Philippines vs. Spain. The war ended 8 months later. Spain lost control of overseas empire. US purchased the Philippines for $20 Million. Product of McKinleys expansionist policies. Tabloid newspaper accounts of the war, known as yellow journalism, blatantly falsified stories and photographs of Spanish “atrocities” in Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt led a cavalry unit known as the “Rough Riders” in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Cuba emerged as an independent nation, and the US acquired Puerto Rico波多黎各, Guam关岛, and the Philippines.NAACP: 全国有色人种协进会(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)是一个由美国白人和黑人组成的旨在促进黑人民权的全国性组织。总部设在纽约。1909Progressive Era: Quiz：保护工人权利、女性权利、反托斯拉、Literary Muckrakers: group of writers dedicated to exposing political and corporate corruption and focusing attention on social ills such as poverty. Upton Sinclairs “The Jungle”, 1906, led to federal legislation involving food and consumer safety.Theodore Roosevelt (21.4): He was called the “Trust Buster” because he aggressively used anti-trust law. Good at diplomacy, peace between Russia and Japan. “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” (Big Stick Diplomacy). Reinterpreted the Monroe Doctrine to justify American intervention in the domestic and foreign affairs of the Caribbean and Latin America as part of his Roosevelt Corollary. The Panama Canal (example). Founder of the “Bull Moose” Party.William Howard Taft (22.2): 威廉霍华德塔夫脱是美国第二十七任总统，他在总统任期内虽然政绩平平，但一直勤勤恳恳，做了不少工作，如：逐步采取年度预算，建立邮政储蓄体系，鼓励保护自然资源，大力推行反托拉斯法等等。Woodrow Wilson (21.6) 托马斯伍德罗威尔逊，带领美国赢得一战Laissez-Faire（放任主义）: is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government interference such as regulations, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies. The phrase laissez-faire is part of a larger French piece and literally translates let (it/them) do, but in this context usually means let it be, or let it go.Trust: 托斯拉 垄断的Monopoly: 垄断的Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) (21.4) designed to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply, protect petition, preserve a petitive market. Requires investigation of Trusts.Clayton Antitrust Act (1914):对第一个的补充Prohibition (18th Amendment) (24.6) 美国禁酒令1920年1月17日凌晨0时美国宪法第18号修正案:禁酒法案(又称“伏尔斯泰得法案”)正式生效。1933年废除。19th Amendment, 1920 (24.18) 女性有投票的权利World War I: Quiz 协约国1918包括美国Roaring 20s (24): Quiz Radio, cars, movies. Jazz Age (Louis Armstrong) and dancing rose in popularity, in opposition to the mood of the World War I. A decade of great economic growth and widespread prosperity. It ended with the Stock Market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929.Herbert Hoover (pg. 239): Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to lend government money to banks and other private business enterprises. John Maynard Keynes: 凯恩斯 无形的手，有形的手The Great Depression (25) Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) (28.10): 32nd President. The New Deal (25.3): “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” 1933-1938. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. Week 9-10WWII: a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Start day: 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. The Allied powers consisted of the Soviet Union, United States, Great Britain, France, Poland, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and Greece. The main Axis powers consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan.America: In November 1939, the American Neutrality Act（中立行为）was amended to allow cash and carry purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war, he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese Air Force bombed the large American naval base, destroying or severely damaging over nineteen ships and 292 aircraft. This naval base was the Pearl Harbor located in Hawaii. The next day, the United States Congress declared war on Japan, prompting Germany and Italy to in turn declare war on the United States. In February 1942, the War Relocation Authority began to establish centers where Japanese-Americans, including those born in the United States, were interned.Europe: Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. In 1942 Germany was defeated in North Africa and then, decisively, at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. On June 6, 1944 (D-Day) in the early morning hours, American and British paratroopers were dropped into Normandy. The war in Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945.Pacific: Atomic Bomb: Cold War: (1947-1991) Harry S. Truman (Truman Doctrine) 33rd president. “The Marshall Plan” provided grants and loans to war-torn European nations. It was targeted against “hunger, poverty desperation and chaos,” and aimed to eliminate conditions that Marshall and others in the State department feared could bee ripe for munist revolution. Soon, this economic support helped bring about a strong postwar recovery in Western Europe and cemented a partnership between those nations and the United States that would endure throughout the Cold War.Dwight D. Eisenhower (Eisenhower Doctrine) “IKE” 艾森豪威尔第一次竞选总统的口号是I Like Ike（我喜欢艾克），这是他的昵称，军中士兵常这样称呼他。In social policy, he sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, for the first time since Reconstruction to enforce federal court orders to desegregate public schools. He also signed civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 to protect the right to vote. He implemented desegregation of the armed forces in two years and made five appointments to the Supreme Court.Joseph R. McCarthy (McCarthyism) Senator at the vanguard of the deep antimunist sentiment in the country. 以“麦卡锡主义”为代表的反共、排外运动，涉及美国政治、教育和文化等领域的各个层面，其影响至今仍然可见。Civil Rights: 美国民权运动（Civil Rights Movement，United States）指的是第二次世界大战后美国黑人反对种族隔离与歧视，争取民主权利的群众运动。Brown V. Board of Education (1954) 30.1.1: In his arguments, head lawyer for the NAACP,Thurgood Marshall, challenged the Separate But Equal doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. He argued that schools could be separate, but never equal. On May 17, 1954, the Court gave its opinion. It ruled that it was unconstitutional to segregate schools, and ordered that schools integrate with all deliberate speed.布朗诉托皮卡教育局案是一件美国史上非常重要、具有指标意义的诉讼案。种族隔离的法律因为剥夺了黑人学童的入学权利而违反了美国宪法第14条修正案中所保障的同等保护权，学童不得基于种族因素被拒绝入学。因为本判决的缘故，终止了美国社会中存在已久白人和黑人必须分别就读不同公立学校的种族隔离现象。Civil Rights Acts (1957) (1960): Civil Rights Act (1964) 33.7.1: The law made discrimination illegal against African Americans in employment, public acmodations, and voting. The act not only protected African Americans, but it also prohibited discrimination by sex, religion, and ethnicity.Voting Rights Act (1965): Martin Luther King Jr. (pg. 307): 华盛顿D.CMalcolm X: John F. Kennedy: John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 November 22, 1963), monly known as Jack Kennedy or by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. Notable events that occurred during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Police Week, the establishment of the Peace Corps（和平队）, the Space Raceby initiating Project Apollo (which later culminated in the moon landings), the building of the Berlin Wall, the African-American Civil Rights Movement, and the increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.Lyndon B. Johnson: While he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became further upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. 他让美国积极介入越南战争，随着战争的拖延，约翰逊总统的声望持续下降。Economic Opportunity Act (1964): 约翰逊向国会提交了以“向贫困宣战”以实现充分就业为目标的经济机会法案Vietnam War: Richard Nixon: 37th President (1953-1961). The Watergate scandal: Gerald Ford: 接尼克松 福特执政期间，美国从越南撤军、美国国内经济萧条。James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr : 39th president (1977-1981) 詹姆斯厄尔卡特 (James Earl Carter) 习称吉米卡特Ronald Reagan: 40th president (1981-1989). His supply-side economic policies, dubbed Reaganomics, advocated tax rate reduction to spur economic growth, control of the money supply to curb inflation, economic deregulation, and reduced government spending. George H.W. Bush: 41st president. (1989-1993) William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton: 42nd president Domestic:The early years were marked by bitter partisan struggles, especially after conservative Republicans took control of Congress in 1994. The conflict led to a 1995 government shutdown that lasted nearly a month. As a result of the conflict, Clintons popularity soared and Congresss plummeted.Reformed welfare system, increased the minimum wage, signed NAFTA （Clinton）into law.George W. Bush: 43rd president (2001-2009) 2000 election (Florida)9/11:Barack Obama: