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自考00832英语词汇学考试概念题整理.doc
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1、1.Word:A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence2.vocabulary:(1)Total number of the words in a language (2)Words use
2、d in a particular historical period (3)All the words of a dialect,a book ,a discipline. 3. The basic word stock:is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.4. Terminology :consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and acad
3、emic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education.5. Jargon :refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves6. Slang :belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between th
4、e standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot7. Content words:denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals8. Functional words: do not have notions of the
5、ir own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences9. borrowed words:are words taken over from foreign languages, known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple
6、 terms10. Denizens:are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.11. Aliens:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling12. Translation-loans:are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English langu
7、age but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.13. Semantic-loans:Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed14.Creation :refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elemen
8、ts15. Semantic change:means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need16. morpheme:is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words17. monomorphemic words:coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence 18. allomorphs:are alternati
9、ve morphs realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word19. Free Morphemes自由词素:have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (which are independent of other morphemes are considered
10、to be free).20. Bound Morphemes(粘着语素):A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.21.Affixes: are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function22. affixes ca
11、n be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) :affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. 2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) :derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.23. A
12、root :is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.A stem :can be defined as a form to
13、which affixes of any kind can be added.24. Affixation: is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are call
14、ed derivatives25. affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.(1)Prefixation :is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.(2)Suffixation :is the formation of new words by addi
15、ng suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.26. Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. also called compositio
16、n. Words formed in this way are called compounds.27. Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class28. Blending: is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blend
17、s or pormanteau words29. clipping : is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. 30. Acronymy: is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical ter
18、ms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.31. Initialisms: are words pronounced letter by letter. In cases likeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ),B.C. (Before Christ) and C.O.D. (cash on delivery)32. Acr
19、onyms: are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example radar (radio detecting and ranging), and WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), etc33. Back-formation: is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know, suffixation is the f
20、ormation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, and back-formation: is the formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes.34. Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with
21、 the help of context, it can refer to something specific35. Concept(概念):which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Meaning and concept : They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to differe
22、nt categories. Meaning so is restricted to language use.36. Sense:It denotes the relationship inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.37. Sense and Reference:Unlike reference, sense denotes the relation
23、ships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. (ibid) Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. Every word tha
24、t has meaning has sense (not every word has reference).38. Motivation(动机):accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. As we know, the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and most words can be said to be non-motivated.39. Onomat
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