高中英语语法之虚拟语气讲解详解.doc

高中英语语法之虚拟语气讲解 The Subjunctive Mood 【The Subjunctive Mood】语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。祈使语气 (imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是be用were）should / would/could/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相违背had + 过去分词should / would/could/might + have +过去分词与未来事实相违背1) should + 动词原形2) were + 动词不定式3) 过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）should / would/could/might + 动词原形1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。如：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should （ would, might， could）+ have 过去分词。如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)； should动词原形；were to动词原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+动词原形。如：If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）4. 混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用if I were.，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如：If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就会去了。(were表过去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我会去的。(were表现在)二. if的省略如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。三. 含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(暗含在分词短词but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在介词短语without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。I would like to come. 我愿意来。四. 不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等词语来引导。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否则我不会上学。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。虚拟语气补充讲解（第二课时）虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“常用在It is (was)+形容词 / 过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)或只用动词原形(尤其是美国英语)。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （带有“要求”的含义）Its better that he go at once. （带有“建议”的意思） 用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent， 等。It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once Its strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建议推迟会议。It is settled that you leave us, then?注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1). 宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等动词的宾语。如：The doctor suggested that he not go there医生建议他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。2). wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。 从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿这是真的。 从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。 表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had +过去分词”或“could（would，might）+have+过去分词”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。4). 有些动词，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。She did not expect that you should come.她没有预料你会来。3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should +动词原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。My advice is that you (should) treat her well. 我的忠告是你应该善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once. 他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布朗应该离队。4. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式It is time the children went to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。It is time we left.我们该走了。It is time we went to bed.我们该去睡觉了。 5. 虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中国共产党万岁！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 该死的！The devil take you! 见鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那样吧。6. 虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系：从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。1) 用于主语从句。试比较：It is important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必须知道此事。2) 用于宾语从句。试比较：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建议我们明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建议我们第二天走。She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她说，“我如是男孩，就参军。”She said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她说她如是男孩就参军。但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said.“假如我知道它是如何运行的话，我就会告诉你该怎么办，”他说道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话，他就会告诉我该怎么办。“If I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said.“我如知道你所有问题的答案，我就是天才了。”他说道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他说他如知道我所有问题的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气，其后从句的时态则多受其影响，现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。如：I would think he was wrong.我看他是错了。(须用was,试比较：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是对的。(须用was,试比较：It seems that she is right)虚拟语气练习专项练习1：1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had readC. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speakB. spokeC. will speak D. to speak5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A. went B. could goC. have goneD. could have gone9.I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything.A. knew B. knowsC. has known D. had known10._ the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because of B. In spite ofC. In case of D. But for11.If you had told me in advance, I _ him at the airport.A. would meet B. would had metC. would have met D. would have meet12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_ me how.A. teaches B. will teachC. has taught D. would teach13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. wereC. was D. would be14.Hes working hard for fear that he _.A. should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fall behind D. would fallen behind15.If it _ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rainedB. would have rainedC. have seen D. rained16.He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting.A. should B. wouldC. do D. had17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there.A. not went B. wont goC. not go D. not to go18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _ time.A. had had B. have hadC. had D. would have had19.Would you rather I _ buying a new bike?A. decided againstB. will decide againstC. have decided D. shall decide against20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _.A. go to sleep B. went to sleepC. go to bed D. went to bed21.Why didnt you buy a new car? I would have bought one if I _ enough money.A. had B. have hadC. would have D. had had22.If she could sew, _.A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat23._ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leaves24.His doctor suggested that he _ a short trip abroad.A. will takeB. would takeC. takeD. took25.The Bakers arrived last night. If theyd only let us know earlier,_ at the station.A. wed meet them B. well meet themC. wed have met them D. weve met them26.If I _ you, I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay27.We might have failed if you _ us a helping hand.A. have not givenB. would not giveC. had not given D. did not give28.The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. hadC. have D. will have29.It is strange that he _ so.A. would say B. would speakC. should sayD. will speak30.Had I known her name, _A. or does she know mine?B. and where does she live?C. she would be beautiful. D. I would have invited her to lunch.7