牛津译林版八年级下册英语：Unit1Pastandpresen.doc

牛津译林版八年级下册英语：Unit 1 Past and present 词汇与语法基础训练
Unit 1 Past and present

知识精讲

一、必背词汇
past n. 过去 adj.过去的
present n. 现在，目前
just adv. 刚才
since conj. 自……以来 prep.自……以来
ever adv. 曾经
northern adj. 北方，北部的
married adj. 已婚的，结婚的
wife n.(pl. wives) 妻子
block n.街区
over prep. 在……期间
pollution n. 污染；污染物
factory n. 工厂
waste n. 废料；废品
realize (= realise )vt.& vi.意识到；实现
improve vt.&vi. 改进，改善
situation n. 形势，情况
impossible adj. 不可能的
before adv.以前，过去
lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的
anyway adv. 尽管，即使这样
husband n. 丈夫
interview n. 采访；会见
yet adv. 还，仍
recently adv.近来， 最近
environment n. 环境
transport n.交通车辆，运输工具
condition n. 环境，条件，状况
return vi. 返回
last adv.最近，上一次；最后
abroad adv. 到（在）国外
primary adj. 小学教育的；初级的
communicate vt. &vi. 交流，交际
exactly adv.（答语）正是，没错
narrow adj. 狭窄的

15 / 15

二、重点词汇
1. present noun /ˈprez.ənt/
1). something that you are given, without asking for it, on a special occasion, especially to show friendship, or to say thank you
（尤指表示友谊或致谢的）礼物，赠品
例句： They gave me theatre tickets as a present.
他们送给我戏票作为礼物。
2). the present
the period of time that is happening now, not the past or the future
现在，目前
例句： That's all for the present. 暂且就讲这些。
3). at present
now
现在，目前
例句： At present she's working abroad. 她目前在国外工作。

2. realize verb /ˈrɪə.laɪz/
1). to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly
明白；认识到；意识到
例句： They didn't realize the danger they were in.
他们没有意识到自己身处危险之中。
2). to achieve something you were hoping for
实现；使变为事实；使发生
例句： Ten years later her worst fears were realized.
10年后，她最害怕的事情发生了。

3. lonely adjective /ˈləʊn.li/
1). unhappy because you are not with other people
孤独的，寂寞的
例句：She gets lonely now that all the kids have left home.
现在孩子们都离开了家，她感到有些孤独。
2). A lonely place is a long way from where people live.
孤独的，孤零零的，远离人群的
例句： a lonely stretch of Arizona highway 亚利桑那一段荒凉的公路

4. recently adverb /ˈriː.sənt.li/
not long ago, or at a time that started not long ago
最近；近来
例句：Have you seen any good films recently?
你最近看过什么好电影吗？

5. communicate verb /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪt/
1). to share information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body, or using other signals
交流，沟通（信息）
例句：We can now communicate instantly with people on the other side of the world.
我们现在可以与生活在地球另一边的人们进行即时交流。
2). to talk about your thoughts and feelings, and help other people to understand them
传达，表达，传递，沟通（思想或感情）
例句： I find I just can't communicate with her. 我发现我和她就是无法沟通。

三、必背短语
used to 曾经 turn into 把……变成……
in some ways 在某种程度上 from time to time 不时，有时，偶尔
all one's life 一生 keep in touch 保持联系
be used to 习惯于，适应于 open space 开阔的空地
get used to 习惯于，适应于

四、经典句型
1. You used to be so kind to me.
你过去对我那么友好。
2. I've lived here since I was born.
我自从出生以来就生活在这。
3. Has the town changed a lot over the years?
这些年该镇变化很大吗？
4. I have already read this book many times.
这本书我已经读过很多遍了。
5. Many changes have taken place in Moonlight Town over the years.
这些年月光城发生了很多变化。
三点剖析

一、考点
1. 现在完成时
1). 构成形式：sb. have/has done
2). 现在完成时用法：
Ø 表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
Ø 表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常和for, since连用。
3). 动词过去分词变化规律：
Ø 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾加 ed
Ø 以 “e”结尾的动词，在词尾加d
Ø 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，将 y变成 i 再加ed
Ø 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写辅音字母，再加ed
Ø 其他不规则变化
4). 相关句型
Ø 一般疑问句：Have/Has +主语+done…？
Ø 否定句：主语+have/has + not +done…

2. since的用法
1). since作介词时，意为“从……以来”。since+ 时间点表示一段时间，常与完成时态连用，相当于for+一段时间。
例句： I have lived here since 5 years ago.
=I have lived here for 5 years.
自从五年前我就住在这儿。
2). since作连词时，还可引导时间状语从句。通常主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
例句： Uncle Wang has worked at this factory since he came to this city.
自从到这个城市以来，王叔叔一直在这个工厂工作。

二、易错点
1. happen & take place
1). happen表示“发生”，通常指未准备地发生或偶然发生。
例句：The accident happened at about 10.
事故大约发生在10点钟。
2). take place通常指预先安排好要发生的事，因此在汉语中除翻译为“发生”外，还译为“举行”。
例句：The meeting will take place on Sunday.
会议将于星期日举行。
Great changes have taken place here since last year.
自去年以来，这里发生了巨大变化。
3). happen & take place都属于不及物动词，因此既不能带宾语，也不能用被动语态。

2. get used to和used to do
1). get used to意为“习惯于……”，与be used to同义。to为介词，后面跟代词、名词或动名词。
例句：His father gets used to getting up early.
他父亲习惯于早起。
2). used to do sth表示“过去常常做某事”，to是不定式符号，后接动词原形。used to本身就是过去时态，没有人与数的变化，暗含“现在已不再这样”之意。
be used to do sth表示“被用来做某事”，是use…to do sth的被动语态。

题模精选

题模一：Unit 1 词汇应用

例1.1.1 Last Thursday when I got to the station, I _________ I had left my ticket at home.
A． understood
B． realized
C． believed
D． seemed

例1.1.2 根据所给汉语意思完成句子，每空一词。
1). 我想坐公交车在市里四处转转。
I’d like to _________ _________ the city by bus.
2). 这个地方曾经是个小村庄。
This place _________ _________ _________ a small village.
题模二：语法--现在完成时

例1.2.1 His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _________ he came to Yunnan.
A． after
B． before
C． since
D． for

例1.2.2 根据要求改写句子。
1). Susan has been in this city for more than ten years. (改为同义句)
_________ _________ more than ten years _________ Susan _________ to this city.
2). His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)
His uncle _________ posted the photos to him _________.

随堂练习

随练1.1 Mr. White is busy preparing for _________ interview these days. He says _________ interview will take place this Friday.
A． an; the
B． a; the
C． an; an
D． the; an

随练1.2 Amy has studied in this school _________ she was seven years old.
A． since
B． if
C． until
D． after

随练1.3 Catherine got married _________ a policeman twenty years ago.
A． with
B． for
C． to
D． and

随练1.4 根据所给汉语意思完成句子，每空一词。
1. 我们现在再也不能像以前那样经常见到这些鸟了。
Now we can’t see these birds _________ _________ _________ _________ any more.
2. 这里曾经有很多污染。但是它现在干净多了。
There _________ _________ _________ much pollution here. But it’s much cleaner now.
3. 我的邻居已经搬走了。我希望他们在新的地方住得愉快。
My neighbours _________ _________ _________. I hope they enjoy living in the new place.
4. 政府应该采取措施来保护这条河。
The government should _________ _________ _________ _________ the river.
5. 这里的高铁站去年开通了。自那以后，越来越多的人来这里旅游了。
The high-speed railway station here _________ last year. More and more people have travelled here_________ _________.

随练1.5 ---_________ you ever _________ speaking to a foreigner, Diana?
---No, never. You know, there're no foreigners in our city.
A． Do; try
B． Will; try
C． Did; try
D． Have; tried

随练1.6 ---Haven't you called Mrs. Lin?
---_________.I don't have her number.
A． Yes, I have
B． No, I have
C． Yes, I haven't
D． No, I haven't

自我总结

课后作业

作业1 My grandmother lives _________ in a (an) _________ village but she never feels _________.
A． lonely; alone; lonely
B． alone; lonely; lonely
C． alone; alone; lonely
D． lonely; lonely; alone

作业2 I have only _________ of money. I can't buy that expensive iPhone 6 Plus.
A． a bit
B． a little
C． a few
D． a lot

作业3 按要求改写句子。
1. .My father has already returned from Shanghai. (改写成一般疑问句)
_________ your father _________ from Shanghai _________?
2. Amy hasn't decided where to spend her holiday yet. (改写成肯定句)
Amy _________ _________ _________ where to spend her holiday.
3. I haven't been to a theatre for two months. (改写成意思相同的句子)
I haven't been to a theatre _________ two months _________.
4. Mr. Zhang has lived in the town since he was born. (改写成意思相同的句子)
Mr. Zhang has lived in the town_________ _________ _________.
5. They have been to the Olympic Park three times in the pasttwo years.(对画线部分提问)
_________ _________ _________ have they been to the Olympic Park in the past two years?

作业4 ---She's never eaten any dumplings before, _________?
---Yes, she has. She has been in China for years, you know.
A． is she
B． isn't she
C． has she
D． hasn't she

作业5 ---How can you start playing games so soon, Tom?
---I _________ my homework, Mom.
A． have finished
B． finished
C． finish
D． will finish

作业6 Li Ming used _________ on the right in China, but he soon got used _________ on the left in England.
A． to drive; to drive
B． driving; driving
C． to driving; to drive
D． to drive; to driving
答案解析

题模精选

题模一：Unit 1 词汇应用
例1.1.1
【答案】B
【解析】 考查动词辨析，句意：上个星期四当我到达车站时，我意识到我将车票落在家里了。realize意为“意识到”，故选B。
例1.1.2
【答案】 1). go/ travel around
2). used to be
【解析】
考查本课词汇的应用，需注意联系语境、时态、人称的数及名词的单复数。
题模二：语法--现在完成时
例1.2.1
【答案】C
【解析】 考查现在完成时态，主句用现在完成时，从句是一般过去时，要用since连接，故选C。
例1.2.2
【答案】 1). It is; since; came
2). hasn't; yet
【解析】 考查本课语法的应用，需注意联系语境、时态、人称的数及名词的单复数。

随堂练习

随练1.1
【答案】A
【解析】 考查冠词用法，句意：怀特先生这些天正在忙于准备一个采访。他说这个采访将在本周五进行。前空表示泛指，且interview 的读音以元音音素开头，应填an；后空特指上句提到的采访，故填定冠词the。故选A。
随练1.2
【答案】A
【解析】 考查连词用法，句意：埃米自从七岁就在这所学校学习。主句用现在完成时，从句是一般过去时，应该用连词since引导从句，故选A。
随练1.3
【答案】C
【解析】 考查介词用法，句意：凯瑟琳二十年前嫁给了一位警察。考查短语get married to sb.，意为“嫁给/ 娶了某人”。故选C。
随练1.4
【答案】 1. as often as before
2. used to be
3. have moved away
4. take action to protect
5.opened; since then
【解析】 考查本课词汇的应用，需注意联系语境、时态、人称的数及名词的单复数。
随练1.5
【答案】D
【解析】 考查时态，由答语No, never.及问句中的ever 可知问句应用现在完成时态。故选D。
随练1.6
【答案】D
【解析】 考查时态，由I don't have her number.可知“我”还没有打电话给林夫人。故选D。

课后作业

作业1
【答案】B
【解析】 考查形容词辨析，句意：我祖母单独一人生活在一个偏僻的村庄里，但她从来不感到孤独。alone 可作形容词或副词,意为“单独”。lonely 为形容词，意为“孤独的”；当指地点时，lonely 意为“偏僻的”或“荒凉的”。故选B。
作业2
【答案】A
【解析】 考查不定代词，句意：我只有一点儿钱。我不能买那么昂贵的iPhone 6 Plus。由设空处后的of可知选项B、C错误。根据句意可知只能用a bit。故选A。
作业3
【答案】 1. has; returned; yet
2. has already decided
3. since; ago
4. all his life
5. How many times
【解析】 考查本课词汇的应用，需注意联系语境、时态、人称的数及名词的单复数。
作业4
【答案】C
【解析】 考查反意疑问句，由eaten 和答语Yes, she has.可知问句用现在完成时，助动词为has；问句的陈述部分含never，是表示否定含义的词，所以反意疑问部分应该用肯定形式，即has she。故选C。
作业5
【答案】A
【解析】 考查时态，到现在为止，作业已经完成，没有任何作业可做了，强调动作finish 对现在的影响，所以用现在完成时。故选A。
作业6
【答案】D
【解析】 考查used to do和get used to的用法区别，句意：李明过去在中国经常开车走右边,但是他很快习惯了在英国开车走左边。used to 意为“过去经常”，其后接动词原形。get used to=be used to，意为“习惯于”，后面接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式。故选D。