工业工程--精益生产外文翻译.doc

大连交通大学2015届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译
Literature review of JIT-KANBAN system
AbstractIn this paper, JIT （Just—In—Time） -KANBANliterature survey was carried out and presented.Theintroductory section deals with the philosophy of JIT,andthe concept involved in the push and pull system. Theblocking mechanisms in the kanban system are alsodiscussed elaborately。 Besides these sections, the importanceof measure of performance （MOP） and the applicationof the same with respect to JIT—KANBAN arepresented。 The recent trends in the JIT-KANBAN arediscussed under the heading “Special cases”. In this review,100 state-of—art research papers have been surveyed。 Thedirections for the future works are also presented。
1 Introduction
Just -In—Time （JIT) manufacturing system was developedby Taiichi Ohno which is called Japanese “Toyotaproduction system”JIT manufacturing system has theprimary goal of continuously reducing and ultimatelyeliminating all forms of wastes （Brown et al。 ［5］，Ohno［54], Sugimori et al。 ［82］). Based on this principle，Japanese companies are operating with very low level ofinventory and realizing exceptionally high level of qualityand productivity （Richard J。 Tersine [62］， James H. Greene [30］）. JIT emphasizes “zero concept” which meansachievement of the goals of zero defects, zero queues，zero inventories, zero breakdown and so on。 It ensures thesupply of right parts in right quantity in the right place andat the right time。 Hence， the old system of materialacquisition and， buyer and seller relationships are changedto new revolutionary concepts （Womack et al. ［91］,Womack and Jones ［92]， Markey et al。 ［45]）。 Similarly，JIT becomes an inevitable system at plant level， whichintegrates the cellular manufacturing， flexible manufacturing，computer integrated manufacturing and Robotics（Schonberger [63], Golhar ［12])。
Due to the technological advancement， the conventionalmethod of push production system linked with MaterialRequirement Planning （MRP） was changed to pull type JITproduction system to meet out the global competition,where the work—in—process (WIP) can be managed andcontrolled more accurately than the push— productionsystem （Mason Paul [46］)。
KANBAN system is a new philosophy, which plays asignificant role in the JIT production system. Kanban isbasically a plastic card containing all the informationrequired for productionassembly of a product at each stageand details of its path of completion. The kanban system isa multistage production scheduling and inventory controlystem。 These cards are used to control production flowsand inventory. This system facilitates high productionvolume and high capacity utilization with reduced productiontime and work—in—process。
The objectives of this paper are as listed below
1） Critical review of JIT literature.
2) Segregating the different research articles of JIT。
3） Exploring the recent trends in JIT-Kanban system andderiving directions for future research.
In this paper， the articles are reviewed and an appropriateclassification is presented。The kanban study was madeelaborately， since it acts as a basic communicator and feedbackagent to the JIT system。 Push and pull system，principle of operation of kanban cards, Blocking mechanism,Toyota’s formula， and the measures of performances(MOP) are also discussed in this paper. The latest trends inJIT-Kanban system are also addressed separately under theheading “Special cases”。 Finally， the directions for futureresearches are presented。
6。1。1 Flow shop
Kanban system is widely implemented in repetitivemanufacturing environment。 Fora single card operationalsystem， Sharadhapriyadarishini et al. ［77］ have developedtwo heuristics and proved that these are more efficient.Saradhapriyadarishini et al。 ［78] have proposed a recursiveequation for scheduling the single card kanban system withdual blocking. They proposed a heuristic with twinobjectives of minimizing the sum of total weighted timeof containers and weighted flow time of part-types。Rajendran ［61］ has done a work on two card flow shopscheduling with n part—types。 In this paper， mathematicalmodels for time tabling of containers for different problemshave been formulated。 Then， a heuristic was developed tominimize the sumof weighted flow time， weighted earliness，and weighted tardiness of containers. Hemamalini et al。 [22］have done similar work. In this work， the heuristic developedis simulated annealing algorithm. This is compared withrandomsearchmethod。 In these papers， the comparisons aredone only based on mean relative percentage increase。Instead of this approach， comparisons based on completeANOVA experiments would provide reliable inference.
Peter Brucker et al。 ［58］ have carried out research onflow shop problem with a buffer of limited capacitybetween two adjacent machines。 After finishing theprocessing of a job on a machine， either the job is to beprocessed on the following machine or it is to be stored inthe buffer between these machines. If the buffer iscompletely occupied， the job has to wait on its currentmachine but blocks this machine for other jobs。 In thispaper， they determined a feasible schedule to minimize themakespan using tabu search. The results of the problemusing tabu search were compared with that of benchmarkinstances。 The comparisons are done only based on relativeimprovements。 Instead of this approach, comparisonsbased on complete ANOVA experiments would providereliable inference。
6.1.2 Assembly line
Assembly lines are similar to the flow shops in whichassembly of parts are carried out in a line sequence。 In amulti product assembly line， the sequencing of the jobs is achallenging task。 Drexl et al。 ［16] considered an assemblyline sequencing mixed model problem. It is a combinatorialproblem. They formulated this combinational problem asinteger programming model。 This model can be used onlyfor small size problems due to the limitations of operationsresearch software with respect to handling the number ofvariables and constraints, which are present in the integerprogrammingmodel。 Xiaobo et al。 [94］ have consideredsimilar work on mixed modelassembly line sequencingproblem with conveyor stoppages。 They proposed branchand bound algorithm， and simulated annealing algorithmfor finding the optimal solution and sub—optimal solution ofthe mixed—model sequencing problem, respectively tominimize the total conveyor stoppage time。 The branchand—bound method was devoted to find the optimalsolution of small-sized problems, whereas the simulatedannealing method was used to cope with large-scaleproblems to obtain a good sub—optimal solution. Future,research on simulated annealing applied to this problemcan be directed to establish a better seed generationalgorithm。 However, the practitioner should spend considerabletime in fixing the parameter called temperature(T） in the simulated annealing algorithm by trail and errormethod before actually solving the problem。
6。1.3 Batch production system
In a batch production system， the switching over from oneproduct to other product depends on many factors such asstock reaching to the threshold level, different priorityschemes, economical setups, etc. Tafur Altiok et al。 [86］have dealt this issue differently for the pull typemanufacturing system with multi product types. In thispaper, they developed an iterative procedure to approximatelycompute the average inventory level of eachproduct as finished goods using different priority schemes。In this paper, the demand arrival process is assumed to bea poisson distribution and processing times and the set-uptimes are arbitrarily distributed。 But, in practice， theprocessing times may follow other distributions, viz。,normal， uniform， exponential， etc。 which are not experimentedin this paper。 Khan et al。 ［35] addressed theproblem of manufacturing system that procures rawmaterials from vendors in lot and convert them intofinished products。 They estimated production batch sizesfor JIT delivery system and designed a JIT raw materialsupply system. A simple algorithm was developed tocompute the batch sizes for both manufacturing and rawmaterial purchasing policies。
7 JIT integration， implementation and benefits
Just—in—time is a manufacturing philosophy by which anorganization seeks continuous improvements。 For ensuringcontinuous improvements， it is necessary for any organizationto implement and integrate the JIT and JIT relatedareas。 If it is practiced in its true sense, the manufacturingperformance and the financial performance of the systemwill definitely improve。
Swanson et al。 ［83］ have reiterated that proper planningis essential for implementation of a JIT manufacturingsystem and a commitment from top management is a prerequisite.Cost benefit analysis is to be studied initially withthe knowledge of key items such as the cost of conversionto a JIT system and time period of conversion。 Cook et al。［11］, in their case study for applying JIT in the continuousprocess industry， show improvements in demand forecastand decrease in lead—time variability.
The relationship between implementation of TQM, TPMand JIT will lead to improvement in the manufacturingperformance （Kribty et al。 ［37］）. Further Huang [23］discusses the importance of considering the integration ofTPM， JIT， Quality control and FA （Factory Automization)。Imai ［27] believes that TQM and TPM are the two pillarssupporting the JIT production system. Kakuro Amasaka ［32] proposes a new JIT management system, which helpsto transfer the management technology into managementstrategy。
Fullerton et al. [65］ have conducted a study in 253 firmsin USA to evaluate empirically whether the degree withwhich a firm implements the JIT practices affects the firmsfinancial performance。 From their study, JIT manufacturingsystem will reap sustainable rewards as measured byimproved financial performance. Also, they studied thebenefits of JIT implementation in 95 firms in USA。 Theyhave concluded that JIT implementation improves theperformance of the system， because of resultant quality benefits， time based benefits, employees flexibility， accounting simplification， firms profitability and reducedinventory level。
8 Conclusion
The growing global competition forces many companies toreduce the costs of their inputs so that the companies canhave greater profit margin. There are considerableadvancements in technology and solution procedures inreality， to achieve the goal of minimizing the costs ofinputs。 JIT-KANBAN is an important system， which isused in production lines of many industries to minimizework—in—process and throughput time， and maximize lineefficiency。 In this paper， the authors have made an attemptto review the state—of—art of the research articles in the area “JIT—KANBAN system”。 After a brief introduction to pushand pull systems, different types of kanban and theiroperating principles， blocking mechanisms, the authorshave classified the research articles under JIT—KANBANsystem into five major headings， viz。， empirical theory，modeling approach， variability and its effect， CONWIP andJIT—SCM。 Also， the authors have provided a section forspecial cases under JIT-KANBAN. This paper would helpthe researchers to update themselves about the currentdirections and different issues under JIT-KANBANsystem， which would further guide them for their futureresearches。
The directions for future researches are presented below.
The flow shop as well as mixed model assembly lineproblems come under combinatorial category. Hence，meta—heuristics viz。， simulated annealing, genetic algorithmand tabu search may be used to find solution todetermine the minimum number of kanbans and othermeasures. In simulated annealing algorithm， researcherscan aim to device a better seed generation algorithm whichwill ensures better starting solution. In most of the papers，comparisons are done only based on relative improvements。 Instead of this approach, comparisons based oncomplete ANOVA experiments would provide reliableinferences.
This algorithm developed by Elizabeth Vergara et al.[18］ uses only two—point crossover genetic operators. Athird genetic operator may be introduced to further improvethe performance of the evolutionary algorithm. Theevolutionary algorithm may be modified to handle complexsupply chain problem。 In JIT—SCM related researchworks， effort should be directed to develop simulation aswell as meta—heuristics to derive results under probabilisticconditions.
In the work of Sarah M。 Rayan et al。 ［69]， the applicationof single chain analysis for multiple chain operation raisesan open question whether a single WIP level should bemaintained for all products or individual levels for eachproduct。 Further， most of the studies use simulation. Hence,future research shall be directed to develop improvedsearch procedures for finding WIP levels in kanbansystems。 As an extension to the work of Krieg et al。 ［38］,a decomposition algorithm can be developed for multiproductkanban systems with state dependent setups。 Theadaptive approach suggested by Tardif et al。 ［85］ may beextended for multi—stage, multi-product kanban system.The work of Lai et al。 ［41］ can be extended by includingmore variables and elements and conducting experimentsto investigate the stability of the system under variousconditions such as the sudden increase in demand andrandom demand， experimenting on the system behaviour ofdifferent types of customer and modes of manufacturing。The nested partitioned method provided by Leyuan Shi andShuli Men [43］ can be enhanced by incorporating any oneor a combination of the many other heuristics viz。，elaborate partitioning， sampling， backtracking scheme,simulation, etc。 Then， they can be applied to combinatorialproblems of this type
Ants colony optimization algorithm is a recent inclusionto the existing meta—heuristics viz。， simulated annealingalgorithm， genetic algorithm and tabu search. So， aresearcher can study the solution accuracy as well asrequired computational time of this algorithm for his/herJIT problem of interest， which falls under combinatorialcategory and compare its results with the results of theother three heuristics （meta—heuristics)。
Source：C。Sendil Kumar， R。Panneerselvam， 2007.“Literature review of JIT-KANBAN system"。The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology， vol。32,no。5,August。pp。393—408。
中文翻译
JIT看板系统的文献回顾
摘要：在本文中,通过对JIT(实时）看板文献的调查提交相关的报告。报告介绍部分JIT处理的理念以及概念包含了推式及拉式系统这些内容，同时,对看板系统中的阻塞机制也进行精心地讨论。在后面各节中，介绍JIT看板的应用程序和性能（MOP）在实施中的重要性。此外，文章也讨论了JIT最近出现的“特殊情况”的现象。最后，本文通过对100个先进国家的研究论文进行调查，提出了未来的发展方向.
1 介绍
被日本称为实时 （JIT） 制造系统的“丰田生产方式”由大野耐一开发的.JIT制造系统是以不断减少和最终清除各种各样的废物为主要目标（布朗等人 ［5］,大野[54］，苏格莫里等人［82]).基于这一原则，日本企业保持非常低的库存，实现极高的质量和生产率（理查德·特斯恩［62],詹姆斯H·格林[30］）的经营水平.JIT强调“零概念”，这意味着零缺点、零队列、零库存、零故障等目标需要实现.它可以在适当的位置和适当的时间,确保供应正确数量的部件。在此基础上，把重大收购,旧系统更改以及买方和卖方的关系作为新的革命理念来研究(沃马克等，沃马克［91],和琼斯[92］,马凯等人[45］)。同样,JIT在工厂运营中成为不可避免的制造系统，该系统拥有单元制造，柔性制造，计算机集成制造和机器制造（舍恩伯格［63］，格兰翰［12］）.
技术的进步以及满足全球竞争的需要，将传统的推动生产系统与物料需求计划（MRP）结合，形成拉式JIT生产系统。在那种情况下,可以对拉式制造系统