丰田公司的精益生产管理方式.doc

construction of party communist network, mobile, Al, where XX channels, "taught the XX Party" app platform and learning such as distance education platform. Guide party members to use "e XX Party members" participate in networked learning, interaction and "three lessons", offline synchronization of encouraging party members to carry out study and education, enriching the content of forms, expand the coverage of education. 5, strengthen the Organization and supervision. Party (total) branch to effectively assume the main responsibility for organizational learning, combining to make a study plan, urged the implementation of "three lessons" system and implementing learning requirements. For different areas, different types of party member's actual situation and needs, providing suitable learning materials and time, venue and funding of the necessary protection. Task specific, precise, and educational differences. Town Party Committee will set up a "two" study and education Steering Group, customized research, targeted monitoring, on-site observation and random way, timely understanding of party members and cadres and ordinary party members to study, identify and resolve symptoms and problems to ensure education solid and effective. Poor organization and perfunctoryResponsibilities, well, serious criticism and serious accountability, and reported as appropriate. 6, lead. Party leading cadres should set an example, to lead by example in the whole town, layers of driven model, layer upon layer, formation of the shots, the overall general effect of linkage. Leading cadres should learn first and be in front, asking others to do you first do it, asks of othersbalanced and run the satisfaction of the people education. Room XX City Bureau of educational supervision of XX municipality
　　May 6, 2016 County economic information and Business Council System Committee "two learn a do" learning arrangements specific programme for advance full strictly rule party, according to County Organization Department on County "two learn a do" learning arrangements of specific programme and I Board learning education implementation programme spirit, according to distinguish level, and has targeted solution problem of requirements, ensure learning education made effectiveness, promote all members consciously respected Constitution, and comply with party rules, with XI General Secretary series important speech spirit armed mind, and guide practice, and Promote the work and be qualified party members and learning arrangements are hereby makes the following specific programmes. Learning requirements, on all party members to study the party Constitution and party rules and unify the XI series of important speech, General Secretary, speech learning series to deepen understanding of the Constitution Party rules, Constitution Party rules in the deep insight series address the basic spirit and practical requirements. 1. Constitution Party rules. Learning of the party Constitution, a deep understanding of the party's nature, purpose, guiding principles, goals, organization, good style, grasp conditions, rights and obligations of party members, bearing in mind that oath, clear qualified party member criteria and conditions. Learning the code of self-discipline of the CPC, the CPC's disciplinary regulations, the Chinese Communist Party Member Rights Ordinance and so on, mastering self-discipline standards of "four must", the "four upholdings", mastering various types of disciplinary offence and punishment provisions. 2. series spoke. To XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) and out poverty for basic textbook, learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech of basic spirit, learning understand Central ruling acting political new concept new thought new strategy of basic content, learning understand XI General Secretary in Fujian work during advocate of "four grassroots" "immediately on do" "drop" "weak bird first fly" and the in Nanping research study proposed of "gravity Xia moved", and "innovation mechanism", important thought, Master and strengthen the party spirit, fulfills the purpose ideas, moral character, conservation related to the basic requirements. Main understand master following aspects content: (1) ideal faith is Communists spirit Shang of "calcium", set right of worldview, and Outlook on life, and values; (2) China dream is national of dream, and national of dream, and people of dream, is Chinese modern yilai most great of dream, core Essentials is national prosperity, and national revitalization, and people happiness; (3) China features Socialist is achieved Chinese great revival of way, enhanced road confidence, and theory confidence, and system confidence; (4) "four a full" Strategy layout is new of history conditions Xia party ruling acting political total strategy, consciously with "four a full" led the work; (5) insisted innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared development is relationship China development global of one deep change, according to new development concept do job; (6) practice line Socialist core values, promote Socialist thought moral and Chinese traditional virtue
丰田公司生产管理模式
通过及时生产(JUST IN TIME） 和在生产过程中保证质量的一系列手段，丰田汽车给汽车工业中的质量、可靠性和制造成本等标准带来了革命性的变化，由此带来的种种好处使许多制造型企业都争先恐后地学习并且实施丰田生产系统 （TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM）, 以增强自身在竞争中的优势。但令人失望的是，许多企业在努力之后得出了一个悲观的结论:“丰田生产系统不适合本公司和本行业的实际情况。" 事实果真如此吗?
我在精益生产领域的多年研究以及对几十个涉及不同工业领域的公司精益实施成败的调查表明：精益思维对贵公司是适合的！ 精益思维远比我们想象的要灵活，并且在不同程度上给各行各业都能带来意想不到的好处.下面，我们将就精益思维做一个深入浅出的探讨：
许多对精益生产是否适用于您公司业务所产生的怀疑起源于“到底什么是精益？"。如果精益只是一套丰田汽车用于供应商管理、整车装配以及零部件供应的特定工具和技巧，那么如果您的业务与丰田模式不匹配，移植这些工具与技巧无疑是有相当难度的。这里列出了丰田汽车公司的一些基本特性：
1.成熟工业，渐进式的产品更替。比如：车型三年一小改，六年一大变;
2. 大批量高速生产,每分钟一辆车下线是普遍现象;
3。 选装件有限：虽然整车配置可以有上万种变化，但是对于每个零部件只有几种选装配置（比如不同颜色，不同质地的座椅）；
4. 许多小型零部件,虽然车身结构件和覆盖件相对较大，但是大多数的零部件都能放在小型的标准化料箱中；
5. 通过分销商实现最终销售：根据分销商的订单建立生产计划，如果直接向最终用户销售将会增加难度；
6。 均衡的生产计划：丰田花费了大量的精力来均衡生产计划，尽量保证在每天的生产计划中的生产数量和不同车型的混合比达到均衡。这样能够保证所需要的零部件库存维持在一个最优和最低的数量；
7。 具有高度工作积极性和自主权的员工:这在日本几乎是一个相当普遍的企业文化，在丰田的海外工厂中，丰田通过自身的评估中心来招募适合丰田企业文化的当地员工;
8. 长远的眼光：丰田不用担心每个季度的华尔街盈利状况汇报；
对于一个非汽车行业的制造企业来说，如果上述几大特性不符合您企业的情况，那么实施丰田生产系统是一项不可能完成的任务。比如，丰田使用看板拉动系统和“物料超市”来对生产线旁的零部件进行补充。零部件供应商每隔一至二个小时会对该“物料超市”中的几千种零件进行补充。所以当您去参加了一个研讨会，学习了拉动系统，兴冲冲地回到本公司，希望建立一个“物料超市和看板拉动"系统。但是当您花费了相当的金钱与精力后,却发现无法实现真正的业务运转，这到底是因为什么呢？
• 您没有一个均衡的生产计划: 在物料超市中的库存水平是直接由贵公司的生产计划的波动 （FLUCTUATION） 来决定的.您必须保证一个最小的最大库存量来维持生产的顺利进行.但是如果您的生产计划波动过大，那么所有涉及到的零件的最大库存也要相应增加，这样您最后可能会发现自己被淹没在零部件的海洋之中；
• 您的工厂可能有上千种最终产品,由此牵涉到的零部件可能会达到几万甚至是十几万种。某些用于特殊订单或季节性订单的零部件一年甚至只会用上一次,而与此相对应的是，丰田生产系统适用于大批量、少品种的稳定生产情况(比如电脑、家电行业)；
• 您的物料部门员工认为物料拉动系统是一种麻烦,不予以采纳。
那么什么才是正确的答案呢？ 您可以由此得出结论:精益生产不适合您的情况，并且决定尝试其他方法，如限制理论、六西格马理论、电子排序等等，或者您可以退一步问自己：丰田生产系统的真谛到底是什么?怎样才能适用于我们的情况？我希望您的选择是后者。 如果您意识到精益是一种哲学思想，并且能将丰田的那套工具因地制宜地加以实施的话，您的精益转化是能获得成功的。
★　 那么我们如何才能成功实施精益转化呢?
其实答案非常简单。精益生产并非是一套您可以从其他企业照抄过来的一成不变的程序，甚至连丰田生产系统的根本原则您都必须进行这样或那样的调整来适应您的具体情况.精益是一种理念，一种思维方式，其根本决定因素还是集中在“通过消除非增值（浪费）活动来缩短生产流程”。其实施过程则因地而异，您必须根据您的业务内容和生产技术来制定出适合您具体情况的解决方案。
最终的解决方案仍是“一物流”,丰田至今仍在努力向该方向迈进，但是丰田在很久以前就已经意识到这只是一种理想状态。实际上，看板拉动系统（某些人将它与丰田生产系统的实质相混淆）只是一种妥协的手段.当一物流在现实中不可行时，退而求其次的是控制原材料和在制品库存，并将库存逐步缩小。看板则是一种为达到该目的而建立起来的简单的目视化管理系统。实际上，有许多方法来控制厂内的物流——用看板控制小包装零件，大的零件则可以用按灯系统来进行物料填充，通过排序将大的零件或分总成送到生产流水线旁，目视化管理的先进先出缓冲区等等。设计一个精益系统意味着决定什么样的控制手段或工具适用于什么样的零件.
迄今为止，我们所知对此进行分析的最有力工具是“价值流程图标"(VALUE STREAM MAPPING)。价值流程图标起源于丰田开发的一种用来描述物流和信息流的方法.在价值流程图中，各生产工艺被画成由箭头连接的方框，在各个工艺之间有代表在制品库存的三角框。各种图标表示不同的物流和信息流，连接信息系统和生产工艺之间的折线表示信息系统正在为该生产工艺进行排序等等.在完成目前状态的价值流程图绘制工作以后，您将描绘出一个精益远景图（FUTURE LEAN VISION）。在这个过程中,更多的图标用来表示连续的流程，各种类型的拉动系统,均衡生产以及缩短工装更换时间.其典型的结果为操作工序缩短，推动系统被由顾客为导向的拉动系统所替代，生产周期被细分为增值时间和非增值时间。
当然，如果不付诸实施，一张规划得再如何巧妙的图表也只是废纸一张。精益远景图必须转化为实施计划.实施计划必须包括什么(WHAT），什么时候（WHEN）和谁来负责（WHO)，并且必须在实施过程中设立评审节点。当该计划付诸实施后，精益远景图逐步成为现实.在价值流程图标的指导下,各个独立的改善项目(KAIZEN）被赋予了新的意义。比如，大家就会十分明确为什么要实施全员生产性维护系统。这并非是一套可有可无的东西,而是一项非常关键的措施.有了全员生产性维护系统,我们能够提高机器开动率，用来支持低库存率的物料超市，并且保持我们对客户的成品供应.
在车间现场发生的显著改进能引发滚雪球效应般的一系列企业文化变革。 但是如果想象由于车间平面布置和定置管理上的改进就能自动推进积极的文化改变，显然是不明智的.
当别人问我“精益在XX公司是否可行？”之类的问题,我本能的回答是“当然可以”,接着提问者往往会给我种种做不成的理由：我们的生产计划无法均衡，客户需求季节性变化太大,我们员工队伍素质不行,我们的最终产品有几万种，我们的需求只是我们供应商业务量的1％，所以他们不肯及时供货.必须承认，所有这些情况都或多或少地存在，但这些理由更加说明了为什么不能生搬硬套别人成功的经验，特别是具体操作程序。在此，我想再次强调精益不是一套可以硬性拷贝的工具,而是一种灵活的理念，以及与之相关的一系列可用来帮助您持续改进的强有力工具。您首先必须理解这种理念，再学习使用这套工具，然后构筑您自己的精益系统,价值流程图标必须成为您工具箱的一部分.组织持续改进研讨会以及让合适的人参与其中也应该成为您工具箱的一部分。学习如何实施精益的最佳手段是身体力行，从一个先导（PILOT）项目开始，使样板线（Model Line）迅速成功，然后将样板线推广至整个生产系统，并且边干边学 ——— 就象丰田那样！
一是制作提供影片，一是为影片制作提供服务的以影视城为主的辅助产品。电影发行放映行业：电影发行服务，主要是以电影院为依托，通过一系列中间环节，把电影制作企业与普通消费者联系起来 。construction of party communist network, mobile, Al, where XX channels, "taught the XX Party" app platform and learning such as distance education platform. Guide party members to use "e XX Party members" participate in networked learning, interaction and "three lessons", offline synchronization of encouraging party members to carry out study and education, enriching the content of forms, expand the coverage of education. 5, strengthen the Organization and supervision. Party (total) branch to effectively assume the main responsibility for organizational learning, combining to make a study plan, urged the implementation of "three lessons" system and implementing learning requirements. For different areas, different types of party member's actual situation and needs, providing suitable learning materials and time, venue and funding of the necessary protection. Task specific, precise, and educational differences. Town Party Committee will set up a "two" study and education Steering Group, customized research, targeted monitoring, on-site observation and random way, timely understanding of party members and cadres and ordinary party members to study, identify and resolve symptoms and problems to ensure education solid and effective. Poor organization and perfunctoryResponsibilities, well, serious criticism and serious accountability, and reported as appropriate. 6, lead. Party leading cadres should set an example, to lead by example in the whole town, layers of driven model, layer upon layer, formation of the shots, the overall general effect of linkage. Leading cadres should learn first and be in front, asking others to do you first do it, asks of othersfull strictly rule party is all members common responsibility, must implementation to each branch and each name members. 3 ... Play a vanguard and exemplary role in life. Keep to the correct political orientation, political sensitivity and political judgment, dare to fight against all kinds of wrong thought, wrong words and deeds. (2) firmly establish consciousness of the party, the party member's consciousness. Focus on some party members sense of organization and discipline, they do not participate in the Organization, is not required to pay membership dues for a long time, do not play a vanguard and exemplary role, some don't even mention membership, fail to make a distinction between right and wrong, failing to observe political discipline and rules, and so on. Always keep in mind that he is a Communist, strengthen party spirit, listening party, party, party, party, party party guarding party, at the party, the party for the party. (3) strengthening the consciousness of the party's purpose. Focus on people's conception of some party members, lack of sense of service, do not care for the masses did not take the initiative, and some even hurt public interests, job, excellent thick friends, eating, and so on. Bearing in mind the fundamental purpose of serving, top people at heart, close ties with the masses, be kind to people, dedicated to public service and play a part in poverty relief, with practical actions to win the trust and support of the masses. (4) actively practicing the Socialist core values. Focus on do not observe stringent members, knowledge out of devotion, talk about ethics, good faith is not enough, and some even value distortions, moral misconduct, sexy vulgar, materialistic, and so on. Strengthening moral cultivation, Zonta for good, pay attention to self-discipline, spiritual pursuit, to internalize the core values into conscious action, with exemplary behavior influence and lead people. (5) set up in the practice of promoting reform, development and stability. Focus on some party members with the status quo, a less aggressive mood, depressed, saying sluggish again, just to get by not seeking guodeying, some even perfunctory address, evading responsibility and other issues. Actively adapt to the economic development of the new normal, seriously implement the new development philosophy, hard work hard work hard, based on their own dedication. Second, on the Council of the section-level cadres above requirements section above party cadres to take the lead in the education working closely with leading practice, learn more, better, more strict requirements, higher, and strive to improve the ideological and political quality and theoretical levels. 1. Constitution Party rules. System learning understanding CPC articles, in full grasp basic content of based Shang, focus master Constitution master and members, and party of organization system, and party of Central Organization, and party of place organization, and party of grass-roots organizations, and party of cadres, and party of discipline, chapter content, deep grasp "two a vanguard" of nature and mission, further clear "four a service" of requirements, master members leaders must has of six items basic conditions. Studying the code of self-discipline of the CPC the CPC disciplinary regulations regulations of the CPC local committees of the party work of the Chinese Communist Party (for trial implementation) Ordinance, such as the selection and appointment of party and Government leading cadres work of important laws and regulations within