现代物流概论总结.doc

现代物流概论总结
Lec 1。1
大题：What is logistics？
美国定义：
与供应链管理的关系：Logistics management is that part of the supply chain management
管理的功能：that plans, implements（实现：组织、领导） and controls
物流管理的对象：the efficient effective forward and reverse flow（反向流动） and storage(存储） of goods， services and related information
范围：from the point of origin（起源） to the point of consumption（终结）
目的:in order to meet customer’s requirements。
英国定义：7R
Logistics is getting :
the right product，
in the right quantity（数量)，
in the right condition（条件），
at the right place，
at the right time,
at the right cost，
to the right customer.
中国定义:
物流(logistics)：物品从供给地向接收地的实体流动过程.根据实际需要,将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合。
物流管理（logistics management）： 以最低的物流成本达到用户所满意的服务水平，对物流活动进行的计划、组织、协调与控制.
大题：Key components（构成) of logistics
Transport(运输)：运输是指用设备和工具，将物品从一地点向另一地点运送的物流活动。其中包括集货、分配、搬运、中转、装入、卸下、分散等一系列操作。举例:运输模式、船队管理、交付操作的类型、装载计划、路线安排。
Storage/warehousing(存储/仓储)：保护、管理、贮藏物品.举例：仓储地点、配送仓库的数量和大小、操作类型.
Material handling（物料搬运):在一个存储区域范围内的货物的短距离移动.举例：物料搬运的选择、自己完成和外包间的选择.
Inventory（库存)：一个企业所持有的货物的单位量和／或价值。举例：存储什么、在哪存储、订购多少、何时订购。
Packaging（包装）:包装是指为在流通过程中保护商品、方便运输、促进销售，按照一定技术方法而采用容器、 材料及辅助物等的总体名称,也指为了达到上述目的的操作活动。Information and control(信息与控制) ：举例:订单处理系统、设计系统、采购控制、预测.
Lec 1.2
小题：When was physical distribution substituted by logistics formally in the western world?(在西方世界传统物流正式被现代物流所取代是什么时候？） In 1980s.
小题:When was logistics introduced in Japan？ 二战后50s.
小题：When was logistics introduced in China？ 90s。
小题:Logistics and physical distribution？(现代物流和传统的关系是什么样的？） 现代物流包含传统物流。
Lec 1。3
小题:Logistics is the links among different enterprises and industries in the economy system. （物流是经济系统中联系企业和制造业的存在）
Logistics cost is one significant element of social total cost。 （物流成本是社会总成本中一个重要的元素）
Logistics cost as a percentage of GDP to measure the rate of economy growth。 （物流成本在GDP中的占比可以衡量经济增长）
大题:Value-Added Role of Logistics（物流的增值角色）
Form utility （what)形式效用：Refers to the value added to goods through(指的是商品价值的增加）。举例：manufacturing /production or assemble process（制造业产品的组装过程）
Place utility （where)空间效用：A value that logistics creates in a product by changing the product’s location（物品地点的转移创造价值）. 举例：Transportation creates place utility。
Time utility (when)时间效用：A value created in a product by having the product available at the time desired（保证产品能够可靠的在一定时间内到达而产生价值)。举例：The transportation and warehousing create time utility。
Quantity utility （how much）数量效用:Refers to delivering the proper quantities of an item to where it is demanded(指将适当数量的物品运送到需要的地方）。举例:Logistics creates quantity utility through production forecasting, production scheduling and inventory control.（物流通过产品预期，产品计划和库存控制的方式创造数量效用)
Possession utility (why)占有效用：举例：The value created by marketing's effort to increase the desire to possesses a good or benefit from a service。（这种价值通过营销来增加对物品所有权和益处的服务而创造)
小题：Effective logistics management can help business reduce cost so that it can provide cost advantage。 （成本优势）
Effective logistics management can help provide superior customer service so that this can enhance differentiation advantage (差异性优势)
大题:Logistics interfaces in the firm（与企业其他部门的联系）： Manufacturing， Marketing, Accounting.
Logistics Interfaces with Operations/ Manufacturing:
Length of production runs（生产运行时间的长短)：Inventory cost(库存成本）
Seasonal demand（季节需求）：Acceptance of seasonal inventory to balance production times.（寻求季节性库存与产品供应的平衡）
Supply—side interfaces：Stocking adequate supplies to ensure uninterrupted production.（储备充足的物资,保证不间断生产)
Logistics Interfaces with Marketing：The Marketing Mix – 4 Ps
Price、Product、Promotion（促销）、Place（渠道)
Logistics Interfaces with accounting：ROA= gross profit /asset
Lec 1。4
大题：What are company 's competitive advantages？
Superior product quality(优良的产品质量)
Superior customer service（优良的客户服务)
Wide distribution network（广泛的配送网络）
Brand loyalty（品牌忠诚）
Patents（专利）
Superior management teamwork（优良的管理团队）
Low cost plants（低成本工厂）
Ownership of raw material supplies（原材料供应所有权）
大题：Competitive Advantage-— Cost advantage
Absolute cost advantage（Lower costs than competition at all levels）：（直接成本优势）
Superior production technology（高级生产技术)、
Low cost input supply（低成本投入供给）、
Low cost operations（低成本运作）、
Lower end—to-end delivered cost provided by logistics management（物流管理所提供的更低的终端到终端的交付费用）
Relative cost advantage：（间接成本优势）
Economic scale（经济规模)、Experience curve（经验曲线）
能够带来的效果：
Capacity utilization（能力利用率）、Schedule integration(计划整合）、Low waste（低浪费）、Low inventory(低库存）
大题：Competitive Advantage—- Differentiation
Product:
Quality（质量）、Price、Performance（展示）、Design
Service：
Availability（可用性）、Pre—sale advice(售前咨询）、Finance（资金供给)、Delivery（配送）、Maintenance（维修）、After—sales service(售后服务）
Marketing Intangibles：（营销型无形资产）
Brand identity(品牌识别）、Brand image(品牌形象）、Reputation（信誉）、Corporate image（企业形象）
能够带来的效果：
Tailored service（订制服务)、Reliability（可靠性）、Information(信息）、Flexibility（灵活性）、Responsiveness（反应性）
Lec 1。5
小题：What is a system?
系统是由一组相互关联,功能相关的要素、变量、部件, 物体组成的统一整体。
小题:What is Systems Concept?
系统概念是强调整体有效性而非强调系统的个体的有效性的一种决策方法。
小题:Elements of Logistics System：流动要素7要素：
流体、载体、流向、流量、流程、流速、流效
小题：Cost Perspective
The most efficient systems are not always comprised of each system component operating at its lowest possible cost。（最有效的系统不总是每个子系统操作成本最低的系统）
The critical concern is to have the entire system operating at its lowest total cost。（关键是要让着整个系统以最低的成本运作）
大题:What is Optimization？（优化）
The process of making something as good or as effective as possible with given resources and constraints（限制)。（在给定资源和约束条件下,使某物尽可能好的方法或尽可能有效的方法)
举例：delivery times(交货时间）, minimum production capacity（最小生产能力）, financial limits（金融限制）
Level of Optimality：
Within logistics components(物流组件内部）
Between logistics components（物流组件之间）
Between company functions（公司行为之间）
Between the company and external organization（公司与外部组织之间）
大题:Approaches to Analyzing Logistics Systems
Materials Management v。 Physical Distribution:材料管理与传统物流
Material management （inbound logistics）输入物流:The movement and storage of materials from suppliers and vendors into production processes.(物料从供应商到生产过程的运动和储存）
Physical distribution(outbound logistics)输出物流:The process related to the movement and storage of products from the end of the production line to the end user。（从生产线到终端用户的移动和存储产品的过程.）
4 different classifications of logistics systems：
Balanced system （平衡系统)— e。g., consumer products（消费品）
Heavy inbound（偏进货型) — e.g。, aircraft， construction（造船、建筑业)
Heavy outbound(偏出货型) — e。g。， chemicals(化学品）
Reverse systems（逆向系统) - e。g.， returnable products（可回收物品）
Cost Centers：成本中心
Total Logistics cost(物流总成本）：
Trunking cost(primary delivery，初级配送)点对点：工厂-—配送中心
Local delivery costs（secondary delivery,二级配送）点对多点：配送中心—-很多客户
Order processing costs（information system cost）（订单处理成本）
Inventory holding costs（库存持有成本）
Warehousing/storage costs（仓储成本）
Cost trade—off（成本悖反原理）：The interrelationship among system variables indicates that a change in one variable has cost impact upon other variables。（系统变量之间的相互关系表明，一个变量变化也会影响其他变量变化）
增加仓库的数量：不利于风险分担、汇集预测，因此满足客户需求需要远多于原先的库存成本。
Nodes versus Links：节点与连线
Nodes are spatial points:节点是空间上的点
举例：仓库、工厂。
Links are the transportation network：连线构成运输网络
举例：铁路、摩托、空运、管道、水运。
Logistics Channel：物流渠道
The network of intermediaries (n.中介，中间商） involved in(参与） the logistics system.
in which participants（参与) engaged in（从事) storage， handling， transfer, transportation, and communications functions that contribute to（有助于） the efficient flow（流动） of goods。
Lec 2
大题：Drivers of The Business change
The Empowered Consumer(日益强大的消费者)：
Informed consumers （Multiple channels of information）（通知消费者)
Time ——key consideration factor(时间—-关键考虑要素）
Higher quality requirement（高质量需求）
Less loyalty（更低的忠诚度)
Power shift in the supply chain and Organization consolidation： (供应链中权力转移与组织的融合）：
Large retailers more demanding and commanding(大量零售商的需求）
Low cost strategy “everyday low prices"。(低成本战略“天天低价”）
举例：Wal—Mart， ToyRus, Home Depot
Large retailers’ pressure on their supplier（manufacturer) to focus on logistics and supply chain strategy (大量的零售商给了供应商在注重物流和供应链战略上的压力）
企业之间合作越来越多,如VMI（供应商管理库存）
Government policy and regulation （政府的政策和规制）：解除管制,增加竞争
举例:Telecommunication（电信）、Transportation（运输)、Finance(金融)、Energy（能源）
Globalization(全球化）：最主要的驱动力
Global marketplace（市场) ,Global sourcing（采购)， manufacturing（制造）， marketing(营销) and distribution（分配）， etc..
Supply chain management=global supply chain management
Technology（技术)：
Change driver as well as a facilitator of change（变革的工具）；
Information provides new and unrestricted（不受限） access to the place aspect of business。
举例:互联网
Warehouse technology(仓储技术)
Data processing and data analysis（数据进程与数据分析)
Communication（沟通）
Sustainable Development(可持续发展)：
臭氧层、热带雨林、全球变暖、酸雨、核废料、能源储备、可耕地减少、噪音污染环境等保护问题
Environmental Protection Factor（环境保护因素）
Green Logistic system （绿色物流系统）
Packaging and transportation(包装与运输）
大题：What is A Supply Chain？
是什么：A supply chain can be viewed as a series of integrated enterprises ( or an extended enterprise 拓展的企业)
做什么：that share information and coordinate（协调) physical execution（执行）
内容：to ensure a smooth, integrated（完整的) flow of goods, service， information and cash through the pipeline（渠道）.
大题：What Is Supply Chain management?
整体指的是：Supply chain management is the INTEGRATION（整体) of those upstream（上游） and downstream（下游） flows of products, services, information and cash。
参与者：across boundaries of suppliers, manufacturers， wholesalers(批发商） and retailers（零售商） and end customers in a supply chain.
目标:minimize total system cost （最小化整体系统成本)and satisfy customer service requirements（满足客户需求）
国际定义：The management of upstream（inbound) and downstream (outbound） relationship with suppliers and customers to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain as a whole。(上游输入物流和下游输出物流的关系与顾客和配送顾客低成本供应链的整体)
中国定义：利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流、资金流等并进行计划、组织、协调与控制.
大题：Relationship between LM and SCM
Supply chain management is very much a strategic planning process， with a particular emphasis on strategic decision-making rather than on the operational systems.（供应链管理是一个非常大的战略规划过程，特别强调战略决策，而不是业务系统）
The concept of supply chain management is in fact no more than an extension of the logic of logistics.(供应链管理的概念实际上是一个物流逻辑的延伸.）
Logistics management is one part of supply chain management。（物流管理是供应链管理的一部分）
Logistics management is primarily concerned with optimizing flows within the organization（物流管理主要涉及优化组织内的流动.）
Supply chain management recognizes that internal integration is not sufficient.（供应链管理认识到内部整合的不充分.）
Supply chain management builds upon the framework of logistics.（供应链管理是建立在物流框架之上的。）
Logistics is a planning framework that seeks to create a single plan for the flow of product and information through a business;（物流是一个规划框架,旨在为产品和信息通过一个企业创建一个单一的计划；）
Supply chain management builds upon this framework and seeks to achieve linkage and co-operation between process of other entities in the pipeline。（供应链管理是建立在这个框架之上的，力求在渠道中的其他实体之间实现联动和合作.）
小题:Chapter Summary
Cash flow has become one of the most important measures of financial viability in today's global markets。 Supply chains are an important determinant of improved cash flow since they impact order cycle time to customers.（现金流已经成为当今全球市场上最重要的金融措施之一。供应链是改善现金流的重要决定因素,因为它们影响客户的订单周期时间。)
Supply chains are an important determinant of capital consumption since they impact working capital, inventory levels， and other assets such as warehouses。(供应链是资本消费的一个重要决定因素，因为它们影响营运资金、库存水平以及其他资产，例如仓库。)
Efficient and effective supply chains can free up valuable resources and improve customer fulfillment systems so as to increase return on investment or assets and improve shareholder value.（有效率的和有效果的供应链可以免费提供宝贵的资源，提高客户的满足系统，以增加投资或资产的收益率，提高股东的资产价值。）
The rate of change in our economy has accelerated the necessity of continuing changes in organizations or even transformation to remain competitive.（经济的变化率加速了组织的持续变化的必要进程，甚至转化为持续性的竞争力。）
The rate of change has been driven by a set of external forces including but not limited to globalization， technology, organizational consolidation and shifts in power in supply chains, an empowered consumer， and government policy and regulations.（变化率由一组外部力量推动，包括但不限于全球化、技术、组织整合和供应链中的权力转移、授权消费者、政府政策和法规.)
The conceptual basis of the supply chain is not new. In fact, organizations have evolved from physical distribution management to logistics management to supply chain management。（供应链的概念基础不是新的.事实上，组织形态已经从传统物流管理发展到现代物流管理又到了供应链管理。）
Supply chains need to focus on the customers at the end of the supply chain and be flexible and responsive。（供应链需要关注的是供应链末端的客户，并要灵活和响应。)
Technology is important to facilitate change, but it must follow a process and educate people to address problems and issues appropriately。（技术是重要的促进变化的因素，但它必须遵循一个过程同时教会人们完全解决问题和或适当地解决问题。）
Transportation management and security have become increasingly important in the twenty—first century because of changes that have occurred。（运输管理和安全已经在二十一世纪变得越来越重要，因为变化已经发生。）
Supply chains are boundary spanning and require managing three flows—products, information, and financials (cash)。（供应链是跨边界的并且需要管理三种形式——产品，信息，和金融(现金）.）
Supply chain management is a journey, not a goal， and there are no “silver bullets” since all supply chains are unique.(供应链管理是一个旅程,而不是一个目标，并不是最终解决方式，因为所有的供应链是独一无二的.）
Information is power, and collaborative relationships internally and externally are a necessary ingredient for success。(信息就是力量,内部和外部的合作关系是成功的必要因素。）
The performance of supply chains must be measured in terms of overall corporate goals for success.（供应链的绩效必须以企业总体目标的成功来衡量。）
Lec 3。1
小题：What is Demand Management？
Defined as “focused efforts to estimate and manage customers’ demand, with the intention of using this information to shape operating decisions.”（集中精力来估计和管理客户需求，并试图利用该信息来制定运作决策。）
The essence（本质） of demand management is to:
Increase the ability of a firm to connect activities related to the flows of product， service, information and capital，（增加一个公司连接相关的产品，服务,信息和资本流动的活动的能力）
In order to create greater value for the consumer( The end user）。(为末端客户创造更高的价值）
Demand Management: Objectives
Product flow（产品流动）、Service flow（服务流动)、Information flow（信息流动)、Capital flow(资本流动)
Ways of Effective Demand Management:
Gathering and analyzing knowledge about consumers, their problems， and their unmet needs。（收集和分析消费者的知识,他们的问题和未满足的需求。)
Identifying partners to perform the functions needed in the demand chain(确定合作伙伴在需求链中需要执行的功能）
Moving the functions that need to be done to the channel member that can perform them most effectively and efficiently.（移动功能需要负责渠道的成员去完成这样可以完成的最有效率和效果）
Sharing with other supply chain members knowledge about consumers and customers， available technology, and logistics challenges and opportunities。（与其他供应链成员分享知识、消费者和客户、现有技术和物流的挑战和机会。）
Developing products and services that solve customers' problems.（发展产品和服务以解决顾客的问题）
Developing and executing the best logistics， transportation, and distribution methods to deliver products and services to consumers in the desired format。(开发和执行最佳的物流、运输和分销方式，以期望的形式将产品和服务交付给消费者。）
Gathering ＆ analyzing