专业外文文献翻译--分布式发电.doc
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1、Impact of High Penetration of Distributed Generation on System Design and Operations(1。Bartosz Wojszczyk1,Omar AlJuburi2,Joy Wang3 Accenture,Raleigh 27601,U。S.;2Accenture,San Francisco 94105,U。S.;3Accenture,Shanghai 200020,China)ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the topic of massive utilityoriented dep
2、loyment of Distributed Generation (DG) in power systems。 High penetration of DG presents significant challenges to design/engineering practices as well as to the reliable operation of the power system。 This paper examines the impact of large-scale DER implementation on system design, reliable operat
3、ion and performance and includes practical examples from utility demonstration projects。 It also presents a vision for the utility of the future and describes DG technologies being implemented by utilities。KEY WORDS: distributed energy resources ; distributed generation;power system design and opera
4、tion0 Introduction Distributed generation (DG) or decentralized generation is not a new industry concept。 In 1882, Thomas Edison built his first commercial electric plant “Pearl Street”. This power station provided 110V DC electricity to 59 customers in lower Manhattan. In 1887, there were 121 Ediso
5、n power stations in the United States delivering DC electricity to customers。 These first power plants were run on water or coal. Centralized power generation became possible when it was recognized that alternating current power could be transported at relatively low costs and reduce power losses ac
6、ross great distances by taking advantage of the ability to raise the voltage at the generation station and lower the voltage near customer loads。 In addition, the concepts of improved system performance (system stability) and more effective generation asset utilization provided a platform for wide-a
7、rea/global grid integration. In recent years, there has been a rapidly growing interest in wide deployment of DG。 Commercially available technologies for DG are based on combustion engines, micro and mini-gas turbines, wind turbines, fuelcells, various photovoltaic (PV) solutions, lowhead hydro unit
8、s and geothermal systems。 Deregulation of the electric utility industry (in some countries), environmental concerns associated with traditional fossil fuel generation power plants, volatility of electric energy costs, Federal and State regulatory support of “green” energy and rapid technological dev
9、elopments all support the proliferation of DG units in electric utility systems. The growing rate of DG deployment suggests that alternative energybased solutions play an increasingly important role in the smart grid and modern utility。 Largescale implementation of DG can lead to situations in which
10、 the distribution/medium voltage network evolves from a “passive” (local/limited automation, monitoring and control) system to one that actively (global/integrated, selfmonitoring, semiautomated) responds to the various dynamics of the electric grid。 This poses a challenge for design, operation and
11、management of the power grid as the network no longer behaves as it once did. Consequently, the planning and operation of new systems must be approached somewhat differently with a greater amount of attention paid to global system challenges。 The principal goal of this paper is to address the topic
12、of high penetration of distributed generation and its impact on grid design and operations。 The following sections describe a vision for the modern utility, DG technology landscape, and DG design/engineering challenges and highlights some of the utility DG demonstration projects。1 Vision for modern
13、utilities1。1 Centralized vs. distributed The bulk of electric power used worldwide is produced at central power plants, most of which utilize large fossil fuel combustion, hydro or nuclear reactors. A majority of these central stations have an output between 30MW (industrial plant) and 1.7GW. This m
14、akes them relatively large in terms of both physical size and facility requirements as compared with DG alternatives。 In contrast, DG is: 1)Installed at various locations (closer to the load) throughout the power system and mostly operated by independent power producers or consumers。 2)Not centrally
15、 dispatched (although the development of “virtual” power plants, where many decentralized DG units operate as one single unit, may be an exception to this definition). 3)Defined by power rating in a wide range from a few kW to tens of MW (in some countries MW limitation is defined by standards, e。g.
16、 US, IEEE 1547 defines DG up to 10MW either as a single unit or aggregate capacity)。4)Connected to the distribution/medium voltage network which generally refers to the part of the network that has an operating voltage of 600V up to 110kV (depends on the utility/country)。The main reasons why central
17、, rather than distributed, generation still dominates current electricity production include economy of scale, fuel cost and availability, and lifetime。 Increasing the size of a production unit decreases the cost per MW; however, the advantage of economy of scale is decreasingtechnological advances
18、in fuel conversion have improved the economy of small units。 Fuel cost and availability is still another reason to keep building large power plants. Additionally, with a lifetime of 2550 years, large power plants will continue to remain the prime source of electricity for many years to come. The ben
19、efits of distributed generation include: higher efficiency; improved security of supply; improved demandresponse capabilities; avoidance of overcapacity; better peak load management; reduction of grid losses; network infrastructure cost deferral; power quality support; reliability improvement; and e
20、nvironmental and aesthetic concerns (offers a wide range of alternatives to traditional power system design). DG offers extraordinary value because it provides a flexible range of combinations between cost and reliability. In addition, DG may eventually become a more desirable generation asset becau
21、se it is “closer” to the customer and is more economical than central station generation and its associated transmission infrastructure。 The disadvantages of DG are ownership and operation, fuel delivery (machinebased DG, remote locations), cost of connection, dispatchability and controllability (wi
22、nd and solar).1。2 Development of “smart grid” In recent years, there has been a rapidly growing interest in what is called “Smart Grid Digitized Grid Grid of the Future。 The main drivers behind this market trend are grid performance, technology enhancement and stakeholders attention . The main visio
23、n behind this market trend is the use of enhanced power equipment/technologies, monitoring devices (sensors), digital and fully integrated communications, and embedded digital processing to make the power grid observable (able to measure the states of critical grid elements), controllable (able to a
24、ffect the state of any critical grid element), automated (able to adapt and selfheal), and userfriendly (bi-directional utilitycustomer interaction)。 The Smart Grid concept should be viewed through the modern utility perspective of remaining profitable (good value to shareholders), continuing to gro
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