语言学复习题及答案说课材料.doc

语言学复习题及答案

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I.        Choose the best answer.

1.    Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human     
       __________
A. contact     B. communication       C. relation          D. community
2.  Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?
        — A nice day, isn’t it?
        — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
      A. Emotive        B. Phatic       C. Performative       D. Interpersonal
3.  __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s  knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
        A. Performance    B. Competence     C. Langue         D. Parole
4.  __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
   A. Linguistic theory                   B. Practical linguistics
  C. Applied linguistics                 D. Comparative linguistics
5.    __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
    A. Psycholinguistics  B.Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics      D. Applied linguistics
6.        Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
        A. intonation   B. tone      C. pronunciation                D. voice
7.        Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
        A. allophone        B. phone        C. phoneme        D. morpheme
8.        An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
        A. analogues       B. tagmemes      C. morphemes     D. allophones
9.        The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as
      __________.
        A. glottis         B. vocal cavity        C. pharynx              D. uvula
10.        The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.
        A. wide       B. closing    C. narrow            D. centering
11.        A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.
        A. minimal pairs        B. allomorphs   C. phones       D. allophones
12.        Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
        A. Acoustic phonetics           B. Articulatory phonetics
        C. Auditory phonetics            D. None of the above
13.        Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
        A. [n]         B. [m]             C. [ b ]              D. [p]
14.        Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
        A. [i:]           B. [ u ]                C. [e]             D. [ i ]
15.        What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
        A. Voiceless        B. Voiced      C. Glottal stop        D. Consonant
16.        Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
        A. lexical words        B. grammatical words   
    C. function words           D. form words
17.        Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.
        A. inflectional      B. free        C. bound           D. derivational
18.        There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
        A. three         B. four            C. five           D. six
19.        In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
        A. prefixes       B. suffixes       C. infixes              D. stems
20.        The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
      A. derivational affix    B. inflectional affix     C. infix     D. back-formation
21.        __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
        A. affixation    B. back-formation        C. insertion        D. addition
22.        The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
        A. acronymy        B. clipping       C. initialism         D. blending
23.        The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.
        A. blending      B. clipping      C. back-formation         D. acronymy
24.        The stem of disagreements is __________.
        A. agreement     B. agree        C. disagree     D. disagreement
25.        All of them are meaningful except for __________.
        A. lexeme     B. phoneme      C. morpheme          D. allomorph
26.    The sentence structure is ________.
     A. only linear                            B. only hierarchical
     C. complex                              D. both linear and hierarchical
27.    The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
     A. large       B. small          C. finite              D. infinite
28.    The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
      A. lexical      B. morphological     C. linguistic    D. combinational
29.    A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
      A. right     B. wrong        C. grammatical              D. ungrammatical
30.    A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
      A. coordinator    B. particle        C. preposition        D. subordinator
31.    Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
      A. recursive     B. grammatical        C. social         D. functional
32.    Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
      A. how words and phrases form sentences.
      B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
      C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
      D. all of the above.
33.    The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.
      A. the city         B. Rome     C. city               D. the city Rome
34.    The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
       A. endocentric    B. exocentric    C. subordinate        D. coordinate
35.   The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.
       A. simple      B. coordinate     C. compound          D. complex
36.    The naming theory is advanced by ________.
   A. Plato       B. Bloomfield        C. Geoffrey Leech         D. Firth
37.    “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
   A. is synonymous with                      B. is inconsistent with
     C. entails                                      D. presupposes
38.    ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
   A. Predication analysis             B. Componential analysis
      C. Phonemic analysis           D. Grammatical analysis
39.    “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
  A. gradable antonyms                               B. relational antonyms
  C. complementary antonyms                        D. None of the above
40.    _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
   A. Reference         B. Concept          C. Semantics      D. Sense
41.    ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
   A. Polysemy      B. Synonymy    C. Homonymy        D. Hyponymy
42.    Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
   A. homonyms     B. polysemies      C. hyponyms      D. synonyms
43.    What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
   A. reference        B. speech act      C. practical usage          D. context
44.    A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
   A. pragmatic       B. grammatical          C. mental      D. conceptual
45.    If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
   A. constative       B. directive       C. utterance          D. expressive
46.    Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
    A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century         B. in the early 1950’s
      C. in the late 1960’s                              D. in the early 21st century
47.    __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
   A. A locutionary act                                   B. An illocutionary act
   C. A perlocutionary act                              D. A performative act
48. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
49. A. Syntax               B. Grammar      C. Morphology             D. Morpheme
50.   _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words        B. Morphemes     C. Phonemes       D. Sentences
51. “-s” in the word “books” is  _______.
52. A. a derivative affix            B. a stem   C. an inflectional affix           D. a root
53.  Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.
54.  The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
   A. Polysemy      B. Synonymy    C. Homonymy        D. Hyponymy
56.   The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
   A. grammatical rules         B. selectional restrictions
   C. semantic rules             D. semantic features
57.   What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
   A. reference        B. speech act      C. practical usage          D. context
58.  A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
   A. pragmatic       B. grammatical          C. mental      D. conceptual
59.  If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
   A. constative       B. directive       C. utterance          D. expressive
60.  Which of the following is true?
   A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
   B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
   C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
   D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
65.    Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
    A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century         B. in the early 1950’s
      C. in the late 1960’s                              D. in the early 21st century
66.  __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
   A. A locutionary act                                   B. An illocutionary act
   C. A perlocutionary act                              D. A performative act
67.   According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
   A. to get the hearer to do something
   B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
   C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
   D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
68.   All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
   A. in their illocutionary acts          B. in their intentions expressed
   C. in their strength or force          D. in their effect brought about
69.    __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
   A. Cooperative Principle                             B. Politeness Principle
   C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar     D. Adjacency Principle
70.   When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
      A. impoliteness                      B. contradictions  
    C. mutual understanding          D. conversational implicatures
71. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..
       A. Firth       B. Saussure        C. Halliday             D. Chomsky
72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.
       A. function      B. meaning         C. signs             D. system
73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.
       A. Boas        B. Sapir        C. Bloomfield         D. Harris
74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.
       A. Slot         B. Class       C. Role             D. Cohesion
75.  __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.
       A. Traditional      B. Structural     C. Functional      D. Generative
76.  __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
       A. Stratificational       B. Case     C. Relational       D. Montague
77.  In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
       A. personal       B. heuristic         C. imaginative    D. informative
78.  The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.
       A. On it     B. stood       C. On it stood         D. Jane
79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
       A. empiricism     B. behaviorism       C. relationalism       D. mentalism
80.   TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.
       A. three         B. four            C. five                 D. six

II.  Explain the following terms, using examples.

1. linguistics
2. competence
Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.
3.    Synchronic linguistics
Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.
4.   Sound assimilation
Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.