虚拟语气用法总结讲课稿.doc

虚拟语气用法总结

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虚拟语气用法总结
朱世梅
新时代大学英语中针对虚拟语气的练习题较多,而学生们往往把握不好虚拟语气的正确使用,现将其用法总结如下:
一.虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：
a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。
b. 与客观事实相反地情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
c. 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显得标志。
二.虚拟语气的考点为：
1.If 句型 (共有三种句型) 非真实条件句:
a.与现在的事实相反：从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.
b.与过去的事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋ 现在完成时 If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.
c.与将来的事实相反：从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形 If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.
注意： 虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。　
Eg: Should it rain, the crops would be saved. 　
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Eg:　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I 　 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
d.混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。　　
Eg: If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
2.Wish 句型 表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：　　　　　　　　　　　　　 He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
Wish to do表达法: Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
3.在强制性语气的宾语从句中的运用即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括： suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree (发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(动议，规定)，direct(命令)，maintain(坚持)，decide，ask
注意一： 以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。
Eg：We are all for your proposal that discussion _____. 答案是A。　　
a. be put off 　　b. was put off 　　c. should put off 　d. is to put off注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。
Eg: What he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree with us.
4.It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。
此外,表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”， 表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
Eg: It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.
It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon. 5.would rather…， would sooner…， had rather…， would just as soon…， would prefer… 意为“宁可，但愿” 从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。
Eg:I would rather that you painted the room green.
I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
6.在lest that …， for fear that…， in case that … 表示“唯恐，以免” 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，从句用 should +动词原形。
Eg: He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold.
7.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用 It’s (about/high/ good ) time that…，表示“该是。。。的时候了”， 含有 “晚一点” 的意思， 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。
Eg: It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it's about time _____ ? 　　A. we are going home 　　 B. if she leaves 　　C. we went home 　　　　D. if she had left答案是C
8.虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同） 　　
（一） 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。
Eg: He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 　　
（二） 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。 　　
Eg: The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. 　　
A. hasn't watered B. didn't water C. hadn't bee watered D. wasn't watered 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c）
9.在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。Eg:　The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself. 　　a. injure　　 b. injured 　　c. had injure　　 d. would injure 这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a） 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。 　　
Eg:Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice. 　　A. follow 　　B. had followed 　　C. would follow 　　D. have followed if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是……多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。
10.比较if only与only if only: if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung.　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
11.比较need "不必做"和"本不该做" didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。. needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
Eg: There was plenty of time. She ___. A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried 　答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。　

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