语言学测试题教案资料.doc

语言学测试题

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语言学试题及参考答案
   I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
   1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.
   A. a particular language
   B. the English language
   C. human languages in general
   D. the system of a particular language
   2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.
   A. voiceless, bilabial, stop
   B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative
   C. voiced, bilabial, stop        D. voiced, labiodental, fricative
   3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.
   A. derivational morpheme
   B. free morpheme
   C. inflectional morpheme
   D. free form
   4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.
   A. is equal to  B. consists of
   C. has  D. generates
   5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".
   A. entails B. presupposes
   C. is inconsistent with
   D. is synonymous with
   6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
   X: Who was that you were with last night?
   Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
   A. quality    B. quantity
   C. relation    D. manne
   7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.
   A. phrases      B. sentences
   C. morphemes D. utterances
   8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.
   A. socially      B. linguistically
   C. culturally  D. pragmatically
9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.
   A. language and speech
   B. visual and spatial skills
   C. reading and writing        D. analytic reasoning
   10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.
   A. babbling    B. one-word
   C. two-word    D. multiword
   Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
   11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f        before they can do anything else.
   12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s            rules.
   13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.
   14. A c            sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".
   15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s        .
 16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C          principle proposed by J. Grice.
   17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t            across generations.
   18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s            attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
   19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s        speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.
   20. I        is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
   Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
   21. (    ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.
   22. (    ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
   23. (    ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
24. (    ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.
   25. (    ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
   26. (    ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
   27. (    ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.
   28. (    ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.
   29. (    ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.
   30. (    ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.
   Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)
   31. synchronic linguistics
   32. displacement
   33. a minimal pair
   34. derivational affixes
   35. syntax
   36. language transfer
   37. hyponymy
   38. sentence meaning
   39. lingua franca
   40. cerebral cortex
   Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
   41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.
   42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.
参考答案
 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
   1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C
   二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
11、 facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate      15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage
   三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
   21、（T）
   22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.
 23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.
   24、（T）
   25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
   26、（T）
   27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.
   28、（T）
   29、（T）
   30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.
   四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
   31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.
   32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.
   33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.
   34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.
   36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.
   37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.
38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).
   39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.
   40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.
   五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
   41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.
   评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。
   42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.
   The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.
   Motivation refers to the learner's overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs when the learner's goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learner's goal is social.
   Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community.
   Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.
　第一部分　选择题
　　I. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）
　　1.Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar， but they differ in that ____________.
　　A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view
　　B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view
　　C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view
　　D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view
　　2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
　　A. unnatural　　　　　　　B. artificial
　　C. superficial　　　　　　 D. arbitrary
　　3. We are born with the ability to acquire language， _______________.
　　A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted
　　B. therefore， we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue
　　C. but the details of language have to be learnt.
　　D. and the details are acquired by instinct
　　4.A（n）________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
　　A. phone　　　　　　　B. allophone
　　C. phoneme　　　　　　D. sound
　　5.The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a（n） __________ morpheme.
　　A. derivational　　　　　　B. inflectional
　　C. free　　　　　　　　　D. word-forming
　　6.WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
　　A. obligatory　　　　　　B. optional
　　C. selectional　　　　　　 D. arbitrary
　　7.Naming theory， one of the oldest notions concerning meaning， was proposed by _____________.
　　A. Grice　　　　　　　　B. Plato
　　C. Saussure　　　　　　D. Ogden and Richards
　　8.“John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”
　　A. is synonymous with　　　　B. is inconsistent with
　　C. entails　　　　　　　　　D. presupposes
　　9.In semantic analysis of a sentence， the basic unit is called ____________， which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
　　A. utterance　　　　　　 B. reference
　　C. predication　　　　　 D. morpheme
　　10.In Austin’s speech act theory， ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention； it is the act performed in saying something.
　　A. a perlocutionary act　　　　B. a locutionary act
　　C. a constative act　　　　D. an illocutionary act
　　第二部分　非选择题
　　II. Directions： Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）
　　11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.
　　12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study； it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
　　13. Language is a system， which consists of two sets of structures， or two levels. At the lower level， there is a structure of meaningless sounds， which can be combined i