单招高三英语语法专项复习——名词上课讲义.doc

单招高三英语语法专项复习——名词

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单招高三英语语法专项复习教学案（一）
一、名词的种类
英语名词可以分为两大类：普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：happiness，chair，family，gold。
普通名词可进一步分为：
1．个体名词：表示个别人或事物的名称。例如：teacher，desk，book，car。
2．集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。例如：class，team，people，furniture。注意有许多集体名词也可以用作个体名词，但是意义稍有不同。用作集体名词的时候指的是整体；用作个体名词的时候，指的是这个集体中的成员。
My family _____(be) a big one.(家庭)
My family _______(be) fond of watching football games.(家庭成员)
3．物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。例如：air，water，bread，paper，oil。
4．抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念，多指看不见摸不着的东西。例如：sadness，safety，care，thought，illness。
而专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称，其中实词的第一个字母必须大写。例如：Mary，the People’s Republic of China，Sydney，Beijing Hotel。
名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有___数、____数之分，表示可以数计的事物的名词。个体名词和集体名词一般是____(可 / 不可)数的。例如：a girl—two girls，a flower—some flowers。不可数名词表示的是不可以数计的名词，一般不分单数和复数。物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词一般是_______数的。例如：coffee—a cup of coffee，milk—a glass of milk。有少数名词既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词，但意义有所不同。例如：
　　　　　　　　不可数名词　　　　　　　　可数名词
paper　　　　　　纸　　　　　　　　　　　 文件；论文；报纸
experience　　　　经验 经历
room　　　　　　空间　　　　　　　　　　　房间
【即学即练】
（ ）1. Mr. Li has worked in this factory for many years. He has ________ in this field.
A. many experience B. many experiences
C. much experience D. much experiences
( ) 2. Mr. Black is a famous professor. He has published a lot of _______ in many foreign magazines.
A. paper B. papers
( ) 3. There were too many people in the boat. They couldn’t make any _____ for her.
A. room B. rooms
二、名词的数
数是个语法范畴，指名词的单、复数形式。
(一)可数名词
能用数目计算的，表示事物、人、概念的名词称为可数名词。
可数名词的有单、复数形式，单数形式就是名词的原形。复数形式有两种：一种是规则复数，另一种是不规则复数。
1．规则复数形式
（1）一般情况在末尾加S
desk --______, cat--_____ bag--_______
(2)以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词一般加______
box--_______ brush--________ glass--______ watch--______
(3)以 “辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变 ____ 为_____, 再加_______
family--_______ story--_______ country --________
但以 “元音字母+y”结尾的名词只加________
boy--________ toy--__________
(4)以 “辅音字母+O”结尾的名词通常+____,
hero--______ tomato--________ potato--_________
但少数缩略词只加______:kilo--______ piano--__________ photo--_______
以“元音字母+O”结尾的名词只加______
radio--____________ zoo--_______
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为____,再加_______
knife--_______ half--______ wife--________ wolf--_________
但也有两例直接加s roof--______ 屋顶 belief--________ 信仰
2.不规则复数形式
（1）单词本身元音变化或加ren或en
tooth--_______ woman--_________ man--_______ child--___________
(2) 有些词单复同形
绵羊____________ 鹿_____________ 中国人___________, 日本人___________
(3)只用复数的名词 眼镜___________, 衣服____________, 长裤______________
(4)有些名词单数形式表达复数意义 警察 ____________ 人民_____________
【即学即练】
(1). Look at those _______. (child)
(2). I can see a __________ standing near the door. (policeman)
(3). Do you want some ________ for dinner? (potato)
(4). In autumn, you can see a lot of _______ on the ground.(leaf)
(5). He has two _______.One is blue , the other is yellow.( box)
(6) .Two ________ live in this building .( family )
(7). The police ______(be) searching the forest for the lost boy now.
( ) (8). Can you see the _____ over there? ______ are eating the grass in the garden.
A. deers, They B. deers, It C. deer, They D. deer, It
3.复合名词的复数形式
(1)将其中的主体名词变复数 a daughter-in-law — two _____________,
a looker-on — some ___________
(2)如果没有主体名词，在词尾加s a grow-up — some __________,
a go-between — many _______ 中间人
（3）由man和woman构成的合成词，同单同复
a man teacher — five ______________, a woman doctor —four ______________
4．表示民族的名词，单、复数形式主要有以下三种情况：
(1)单复数形式相同。 a Chinese— two ________ a Japanese—four ____________
(2)词尾加一s构成复数。 an American — two _________
a German — three ____________
(3)变man为men构成复数
an Englishman—five ___________ a Frenchwoman—six _______________
【即学即练】
（ ）1．There are four _____ and two ______ in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans
（ ）2．Two ______ would come to the village.
A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors
（ ）3. He has three ___________. They all love him.
A. sister-in-law B. sister-in-laws C. sister-ins-law D. sisters-in-law
(二).不可数名词
不可数名词的计数：不可数名词本身不可以计数，如果要计数的话，就得借助一些可数
名词作单位词，表达方式为：a／an或数词+名词(可数)+of+名词(不可数)，例：a piece of bread。这类用作单位词的可数名词可分为以下四类：
1．表示个数的单位词，如piece，item，article，bit等，它们几乎可以和所有的不可数名词
进行搭配。
一块肉_________________________, 一张纸_____________________________
一块布_________________________, 一条建议____________________________
2．表示形状的单位词，如drop，grain等。
一滴血____________________ 一粒沙________________________
3．表示容积的单位词，如cup，bottle，glass等。
一杯牛奶_______________. 一瓶果汁______________, 一杯茶__________________
4．表示度量单位的量词，如kilogram(公斤)， kilometer，
一公斤猪肉________________
注：请思考：这类结构的名词复数形式的“s” 加在哪里？
two ______( cup) of tea three _______ (bottle) of juice.
【即学即练】
( )1. The boys have got _______ al r e a d y. ..
A . two bread B. .. two breads C. two pieces of bread D. .two piece of bread
( )2. —Help yourself to some __________.
—Thank you! I really like it.
A. orange B. apples C. cakes D.snacks
三、名词的格
在句中表示名词与其他名词所有关系、所属关系，称为名词的格(名词的属格)。
名词有主格、宾格和所有格三种格的形式，分别用作句子的主语，宾语或介词的宾语和表示所有关系。所有格是几种格的形式中唯一有词形变化的，分为一’s所有格，of所有格和双重所有格三种。 、
1．一’s所有格
(1)名词单数加一’s构成所有格，主要用于有生命的名词后。
______________ coat格林先生的大衣 __________ food狗粮
(2)以一s结尾的复数名词只加 ’ 构成所有格。
___________ reading—room教师阅览室 ______________ gifts他朋友们的礼物
如果是复数，但不带词尾一s；则仍然加 ’s。
People’s Daily《人民日报》 _____________ toys, 孩子们的玩具
(3)以一s结尾的专有名词既可加一s，也可以加一’构成所有格。
Dickens’／Dickens's works狄更斯的作品
(4)复合名词词尾加’s构成所有格。
a passer—by’s umbrella一位路人的伞
(5)并列名词根据语义而定，一件东西为两人所共有，在第二个名词后加一s。
Alice and Beth’s room爱丽丝和贝思的房间
_______________________________ desk 丽丽和露西的课桌
如果是分属两人所有，则在每个名词后加一s。
Alice’s and Beth’s rooms--(Alice’s room and Beth’s room)
爱丽丝的房间和贝思的房间
它们是丽丽的课桌和露西的课桌。They are ___________________________desks.
2．of所有格
用of表示所有关系，一般用于表示无生命东西的名词，但也常常用于人名或其他表示有生命的名词。
the legs of the table桌子的腿 ______ ________ _____ the magazine杂志的封面
3．双重所有格
双重所有格，其构成的形式是of+名词一’s或of+名词性物主代词。
a friend of my father’s _________________
___ ________ ____ ____ 我的一个朋友
【即学即练】
（ ）1.He told me that ________ would come to his birthday party.
A. many Jack friends B. many Jack’s friend
C. Jack’s many friends D. many friends of Jack’s
( ) 2. Do you know where the _________ are? They are looking for them.
A. boys’ bags B. boy’s bags C. boys’ bag D. boy’s bag
( )3. —Do you know the two women over there?
—Yes, they are _________ mothers.
A. Tom and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim’s C. Tom’s and Jim D. Tom and Jim
( )4. This is _________ dorm. It’s very clean.
A. Tom and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim’s C. Tom’s and Jim D. Tom and Jim
巩固练习
(　　)1. Jim’s bike is more expensive than ________．
A．his brother’s and sister B．his brother’s and sister’s
C． his brothers and sister D．his brother and sister
(　　)2 .Li ping tried hard to find a job in the sales department，but he had no________．
A．chance B．time C．money D．luck
(　　)3.Alice said she would be there at eight o’clock but I thought she would not keep her ________．
A．right B．word C．saying D． balance
(　　)4. ________clothes are sold in Nanjing commercial Market.
A．Man and child’s B．Men and children
C． Men’s and children’s D．Men’s and child’s
(　　)5. Even a child knows that________are made of________．
A．glass; glass B． glasses; glasses
C．glasses; glass D．glass; glasses
(　　)6. Here’s my card. Let’s keep in ________．
A．friendship B．relation C．connection D． touch
(　　)7. Zhang Chao will go to the________to buy some books this afternoon.
A．books store B．book store C．book’s store D．books’store
(　　)8.________has been used to save his life.
A．Every possible means B．All possible means
C．Every possible mean D．All the possible means
(　　)9. The homework for Monday is to write a ________composition about our school.
A．five－hundred—word B．five－hundred words
C．five－hundreds－word D．five－hundreds words
(　　)10. I am very sorry, sir! But I was delayed by ________．
A．some heavy traffics B．heavy traffics
C．heavy traffic D．any heavy traffic
(　　)11.In the computer times, people can get a lot of ________from the Internet.
A．ideas B．information C．photos D．stories
(　　)12. My grandfather keeps a lot of ________on his farm.
A．cows and sheep B．cows and sheeps
C．cow and sheeps D．cow and sheep
(　　)13.Her little brother broke a ________while she was washing up. Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.
A．glass for wine B．wine glass C．glass of wine D．glass wine
(　　)14. My Christmas present was given by________．
A．my father friend’s B．a friend of my father’s
C．my father friend D． a friend of my father
(　　)15.After standing for hours, the students were glad to take ________rest.
A．a few minute’s B．a little minutes’s
C．a little minutes D．a few minutes’
(　　)16.The Queen was very rude to her _________. They had a hard life..
A．woman servants B．women servant
C．woman servant D．women servants
(　　)17.I knew I shouldn’t accept anything from such a person，but I found it difficult to turn down his________．
A．offer B．suggestion C．request D．plan
(　　)18.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ________．
A．Peter and Helen’s B．Peter and Helen
C．Peter and Helens D．Peter’s and Helen’s
(　　)19.I have three foreign classmates. One is ________， the other two are________．
A．Japanese; America B．Russian; Germany
C．Canada; Australia D．English; Frenchmen
( )20. Just then, I found her sitting in the corner reading _______, with _____ in eyes.
A. a piece of newspaper; tear B. newspaper; tears
C. a newspaper; tears D. newspapers; tear
讲解部分参考答案：
语法点拨
一．名词的种类 2. is, are 4. 可， 不可，可， 不可【即学即练】1.C 2. B 3.A
二．名词的数 (一)、可数名词
1. （1）desks, cats, bags (2) es, boxes, brushes, glasses, watches
(3)y, i, es. families, stories, countries. s, boys, toys
(4)es, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes. s, kilos, pianos, photos. s, radios, zoos
(5)v, es. Knives, halves, wives, wolves. roofs, beliefs.
2. (1) teeth, women, men, children (2) sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
(3) glasses, clothes, trousers (4) police, people
【即学即练】
(1). children, (2).policeman, (3).potatoes, (4).leaves, (5). boxes, (6). families (7). are, (8). C
3. (1) daughters-in-law, lookers-on (2)grow-ups, go-betweens
(3) men teachers, women doctors 4. (1) Chinese, Japanese (2) Americans, Germans
(3)Englishmen, Frenchmen 【即学即练】1.C 2.C 3.D
（二）不可数名词
1. a piece of meat, a piece of paper, a piece of cloth, a piece of advice
2. a drop of brood, a grain of sand
3. a glass of milk, a bottle of juice, a cup of tea
4. a kilogram of meat 注：cups. Bottles 【即学即练】 1.C 2. A
(三) 名词的格 1. （1）Mr. Green’s, dog’s (2) teachers’ , his friends’ , children’s
(5)Lily and Lucy’s , Lily’s and Lucy’s 2. the cover of
3. 我父亲的一个朋友， a friend of mine 【即学即练】 1. D, 2. A, 3.B, 4.A

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